{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200053580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc52510.2021.9621058","title":"Optimization for LEO Satellite-Ground Integrated Networks via Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Optimization for LEO Satellite-Ground Integrated Networks via Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200053580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc52510.2021.9621058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ictc52510.2021.9621058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc52510.2021.9621058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607766","display_name":"2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073197122","display_name":"Ju-Hyung Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju-Hyung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087836855","display_name":"Young\u2010Chai Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1043-9028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Chai Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1758","last_page":"1762"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7557681798934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.7087095379829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7012497186660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6763314604759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6005526185035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5673233866691589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.516172468662262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.48433244228363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.48283156752586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4345494210720062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.40684035420417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3224484622478485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2803223133087158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.25595760345458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22375068068504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19575589895248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.16337138414382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15372106432914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10083472728729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08204612135887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07373639941215515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7557681798934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.7087095379829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7012497186660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6763314604759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6005526185035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5673233866691589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.516172468662262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.48433244228363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.48283156752586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4345494210720062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.40684035420417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3224484622478485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2803223133087158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.25595760345458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22375068068504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19575589895248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.16337138414382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15372106432914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10083472728729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08204612135887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07373639941215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ictc52510.2021.9621058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc52510.2021.9621058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607766","display_name":"2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592798481","https://openalex.org/W2962461275","https://openalex.org/W2962804513","https://openalex.org/W2963061782","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W2991968435","https://openalex.org/W3010835454","https://openalex.org/W3039325772","https://openalex.org/W3127205829","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6734678876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539674285","https://openalex.org/W1038122923","https://openalex.org/W1998322187","https://openalex.org/W2952514781","https://openalex.org/W3019210376","https://openalex.org/W2244204893","https://openalex.org/W1992705695","https://openalex.org/W2764596329","https://openalex.org/W2148881695","https://openalex.org/W2166958674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Witnessing":[0],"an":[1],"emerging":[2],"communication":[3,36],"platform":[4],"of":[5,30,71],"low-altitude":[6],"earth":[7],"orbit":[8],"(LEO)":[9],"satellites":[10],"(SATs),":[11],"integrating":[12],"LEO":[13,49],"SAT":[14,50],"networks":[15,19,51],"and":[16,55,67],"existing":[17],"terrestrial":[18],"is":[20,59,84],"getting":[21],"attention.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"we":[26],"study":[27],"the":[28,35,47,63,77],"optimization":[29],"space-ground-integrated":[31],"networks.":[32],"Towards":[33],"maximizing":[34],"efficiency,":[37],"using":[38],"a":[39,43,68,79,102],"ground":[40],"terminal":[41,45],"as":[42],"relay":[44,91],"for":[46],"orbiting":[48],"should":[52],"be":[53],"considered":[54],"optimized;":[56],"however,":[57],"that":[58,89],"tricky":[60],"due":[61],"to":[62,101],"time-varying":[64],"network":[65],"topology":[66],"huge":[69],"number":[70],"possible":[72],"control":[73],"actions.":[74],"To":[75],"tackle":[76],"challenge,":[78],"deep":[80],"reinforcement":[81],"learning":[82],"method":[83],"used.":[85],"Simulation":[86],"results":[87],"validate":[88],"SAT-ground":[90],"(GR)-integrated":[92],"scheme":[93,104],"achieves":[94],"2.9x":[95],"higher":[96],"end-to-end":[97],"sum":[98],"throughput":[99],"compared":[100],"benchmark":[103],"with":[105],"only-SAT":[106],"scheme.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
