{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901190673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc.2018.8539464","title":"Feature Analysis on English word difficulty by Gaussian Mixture Model","display_name":"Feature Analysis on English word difficulty by Gaussian Mixture Model","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901190673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc.2018.8539464","mag":"2901190673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ictc.2018.8539464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc.2018.8539464","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016123060","display_name":"Hua Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5536-503X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"Osaka University","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hua Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111903102","display_name":"Suyong Eum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"Osaka University","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suyong EUM","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016123060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13294286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"191","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7660715579986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7537570595741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7155885696411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6541624069213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6128799915313721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5912780165672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5809518694877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.5764833092689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.5708813667297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5141077637672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.5061773657798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4978971481323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.49244531989097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4759364128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.44387632608413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.43924060463905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4338322579860687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.3789164125919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14747962355613708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7660715579986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7537570595741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7155885696411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6541624069213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6128799915313721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5912780165672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5809518694877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.5764833092689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5708813667297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5141077637672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.5061773657798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4978971481323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49244531989097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4759364128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.44387632608413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43924060463905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4338322579860687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.3789164125919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14747962355613708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ictc.2018.8539464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ictc.2018.8539464","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33677238","https://openalex.org/W1546503963","https://openalex.org/W1974991592","https://openalex.org/W1979532929","https://openalex.org/W2013552405","https://openalex.org/W2031213082","https://openalex.org/W2127709934","https://openalex.org/W2131571251","https://openalex.org/W2143017621","https://openalex.org/W2312432182","https://openalex.org/W2403499060","https://openalex.org/W2509701397","https://openalex.org/W2512007443","https://openalex.org/W4299345493","https://openalex.org/W6601393794","https://openalex.org/W6712758579"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3176621072","https://openalex.org/W1975321310","https://openalex.org/W1952261593","https://openalex.org/W2014494654","https://openalex.org/W3130349901","https://openalex.org/W20047544","https://openalex.org/W2075383893","https://openalex.org/W1992295166","https://openalex.org/W6057950","https://openalex.org/W2143508933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0,107],"Learning":[1],"has":[2],"significantly":[3],"improved":[4],"Natural":[5],"Language":[6],"Process":[7],"(NLP)":[8],"recently.":[9],"In":[10],"this":[11],"paper,":[12],"we":[13,94,112],"firstly":[14],"adopt":[15],"the":[16,24,39,50,53,68,72,80,86,110],"NLP":[17],"approaches":[18],"to":[19,37,85],"extract":[20],"features":[21,82,111],"which":[22,47,66],"represent":[23],"difficulty":[25,91],"levels":[26],"of":[27,44,52,88,98],"English":[28,89],"words.":[29],"Then,":[30],"Principal":[31],"Component":[32],"Analysis":[33],"(PCA)":[34],"is":[35,58],"applied":[36],"reduce":[38],"feature":[40],"dimension":[41],"for":[42],"visualization":[43],"data":[45,69],"points,":[46],"intuitively":[48],"justifies":[49],"selection":[51],"features.":[54],"More":[55],"elaborated":[56],"analysis":[57,77],"carried":[59],"out":[60],"using":[61],"Gaussian":[62],"Mixture":[63],"Model":[64],"(GMM)":[65],"clusters":[67],"points":[70],"in":[71],"reduced":[73],"dimensional":[74],"space.":[75],"The":[76],"verifies":[78],"that":[79,96],"proposed":[81],"appropriately":[83],"contribute":[84],"prediction":[87],"word":[90],"level.":[92],"Finally,":[93],"demonstrate":[95],"73.5%":[97],"classification":[99],"accuracy":[100],"can":[101],"be":[102],"achieved":[103],"with":[104,109],"Support":[105],"Vector":[106],"(SVM)":[108],"proposed.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
