{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390337110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icta60488.2023.10364285","title":"A Reconfigurable High-Precision and Energy-Efficient Circuit Design of Sigmoid, Tanh and Softmax Activation Functions","display_name":"A Reconfigurable High-Precision and Energy-Efficient Circuit Design of Sigmoid, Tanh and Softmax Activation Functions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390337110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icta60488.2023.10364285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icta60488.2023.10364285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icta60488.2023.10364285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications (ICTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068084267","display_name":"Bochang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14116566","display_name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w0e5j23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bochang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University,Wuhan,China","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100581851","display_name":"Ziang Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziang Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071524817","display_name":"Zixuan Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1740-3215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixuan Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100924624","display_name":"Yuansheng Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuansheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100750448","display_name":"Lu Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5263-9717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14116566","display_name":"Wuhan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05w0e5j23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University,Wuhan,China","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406890","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-1127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068084267"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14116566"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5825,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8637405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"118","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cordic","display_name":"CORDIC","score":0.9465339183807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.8507570028305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperbolic-function","display_name":"Hyperbolic function","score":0.7289891242980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmoid-function","display_name":"Sigmoid function","score":0.63034987449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5973762273788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.556065559387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43573832511901855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4144250154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40059202909469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3899117112159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3856008052825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2682669758796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2480621337890625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58870171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116076","display_name":"CORDIC","level":3,"score":0.9465339183807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.8507570028305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92047909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204034","display_name":"Hyperbolic function","level":2,"score":0.7289891242980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.63034987449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5973762273788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.556065559387207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43573832511901855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4144250154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40059202909469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3899117112159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3856008052825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2682669758796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2480621337890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icta60488.2023.10364285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icta60488.2023.10364285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications (ICTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8429036484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61974053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2802892943","https://openalex.org/W3047364742","https://openalex.org/W3084604851","https://openalex.org/W4206677985","https://openalex.org/W4312554056"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285326772","https://openalex.org/W4376118624","https://openalex.org/W3216434047","https://openalex.org/W1946342668","https://openalex.org/W2387631519","https://openalex.org/W4389279194","https://openalex.org/W3170224572","https://openalex.org/W3080832216","https://openalex.org/W2606491455","https://openalex.org/W4377141943"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,147],"reconfigurable":[4,34],"circuit":[5],"design":[6,35,162],"for":[7,21],"Sigmoid,":[8],"Tanh":[9],"and":[10,43,50,82,106,120,127,132,135],"Softmax":[11],"nonlinear":[12,48],"functions":[13],"using":[14,159],"Coordinate":[15],"Rotation":[16],"Digital":[17],"Computer":[18],"(CORDIC)":[19],"algorithm":[20,67],"deep":[22],"neural":[23,157],"network":[24,158],"hardware":[25],"accelerators.":[26],"By":[27],"exploiting":[28],"arithmetic":[29],"operation":[30],"similarity,":[31],"the":[32,41,47,53,72,114,152,160],"proposed":[33,161],"reuses":[36],"CORDIC":[37,58,66],"units":[38],"to":[39,59,70,77],"implement":[40],"exponent":[42],"division":[44],"operations":[45],"in":[46,123,130,138,146],"functions,":[49],"also":[51],"utilizes":[52],"successive":[54],"approximation":[55],"property":[56],"of":[57,97,155],"achieves":[60],"adjustable":[61,94],"accuracy.":[62],"In":[63],"addition,":[64],"Fast-Convergence":[65],"is":[68,163],"employed":[69],"reduce":[71],"redundant":[73],"iterations":[74],"so":[75],"as":[76],"effectively":[78],"achieve":[79,92],"high":[80],"accuracy":[81,153],"low":[83],"power":[84],"consumption.":[85],"FPGA":[86],"implementation":[87],"shows":[88,150],"that":[89,151],"it":[90,112],"can":[91],"an":[93],"precision":[95],"range":[96],"<tex":[98],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[99],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathbf{1}\\times":[100],"\\mathbf{10^{-1}}-\\mathbf{3}\\times":[101],"\\mathbf{10^{-3}}$</tex>":[102],"with":[103],"948":[104],"LUTs":[105],"189":[107],"FFs.":[108],"At":[109],"100":[110],"MHz,":[111],"outperforms":[113],"conventional":[115],"standalone":[116],"designs,":[117],"i.e.,":[118],"42.6%":[119],"26.5%":[121],"increase":[122,137],"precision,":[124],"40.5%,":[125],"41.9%":[126],"48.9%":[128],"reduction":[129],"latency,":[131],"21.5%,":[133],"18.5%":[134],"9.6%":[136],"energy":[139],"efficiency,":[140],"respectively.":[141],"The":[142],"preliminary":[143],"evaluation":[144],"results":[145],"case":[148],"study":[149],"loss":[154],"LSTM":[156],"only":[164],"0.98%":[165],"on":[166],"Google":[167],"Speech":[168],"Command":[169],"v2":[170],"keyword":[171],"recognition":[172],"task.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}