{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401110689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ict62760.2024.10606032","title":"Unveiling Hidden Threats in PDFs with Hybrid Malware Classification","display_name":"Unveiling Hidden Threats in PDFs with Hybrid Malware Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401110689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ict62760.2024.10606032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ict62760.2024.10606032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ict62760.2024.10606032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 30th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113310997","display_name":"Sh M Zeeshan Javed","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sh M Zeeshan Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Science and Technology,Islamabad,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Science and Technology,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104074832","display_name":"Faisal Amjad","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faisal Amjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Science and Technology,Islamabad,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Science and Technology,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113310997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12822572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"115","issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"06"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8848820328712463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6796354651451111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3590392768383026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3408234417438507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8848820328712463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6796354651451111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3590392768383026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3408234417438507}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ict62760.2024.10606032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ict62760.2024.10606032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 30th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2935152036","https://openalex.org/W2942071622","https://openalex.org/W3088861647","https://openalex.org/W4200586921","https://openalex.org/W4212780327","https://openalex.org/W4296710614","https://openalex.org/W4299301436","https://openalex.org/W6784012112"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W2249809453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Antivirus":[0],"developers":[1],"encounter":[2],"significant":[3],"challenges":[4],"in":[5,25],"handling":[6],"PDF":[7,26,90,99,150],"files":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,13,28,70,79],"their":[11],"susceptibility":[12],"various":[14],"types":[15],"of":[16,45,49,149],"malwares.":[17],"These":[18,121],"threats":[19],"span":[20],"from":[21],"exploiting":[22],"inherent":[23],"vulnerabilities":[24],"readers":[27],"employing":[29],"phishing":[30],"tactics":[31],"and":[32,35,114,132],"injecting":[33],"JavaScript":[34],"shellcodes":[36],"for":[37,89,98,146],"malicious":[38],"purposes.":[39],"Our":[40],"methodology":[41],"encompasses":[42],"the":[43,72,93,138,139,147],"extraction":[44,74],"a":[46],"defined":[47],"set":[48],"static":[50,73],"features":[51],"complemented":[52],"by":[53],"dynamic":[54],"behavioral":[55],"indicators":[56],"that":[57,137],"may":[58],"manifest":[59],"during":[60,85],"attacks.":[61],"We":[62],"integrate":[63],"established":[64],"Python-based":[65],"tools":[66],"with":[67],"our":[68],"framework":[69],"facilitate":[71],"process.":[75],"Sandbox":[76],"is":[77,96],"utilized":[78],"identify":[80],"potential":[81],"infection":[82],"attempts":[83],"occurring":[84],"runtime":[86],"execution.":[87],"Additionally,":[88],"classification":[91,148],"purposes,":[92],"VirusTotal":[94],"API":[95],"employed":[97],"labeling.":[100],"Subsequently,":[101],"several":[102],"machine":[103],"learning-based":[104],"classifiers":[105,122],"such":[106],"as":[107],"Random":[108],"Forest":[109],"(RF),":[110],"k-Nearest":[111],"Neighbors":[112],"(KNN),":[113],"Support":[115],"Vector":[116],"Machine":[117],"(SVM)":[118],"are":[119],"utilized.":[120],"undergo":[123],"evaluation":[124],"based":[125],"on":[126],"metrics":[127],"including":[128],"Accuracy,":[129],"Precision,":[130],"Recall,":[131],"F'1-Score.":[133],"Experimental":[134],"analysis":[135],"demonstrates":[136],"proposed":[140],"system":[141],"offers":[142],"an":[143],"efficacious":[144],"solution":[145],"malware.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}