{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388405372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ict4da59526.2023.10302263","title":"Classification and Prioritization of Requirements Smells Using Machine Learning Techniques","display_name":"Classification and Prioritization of Requirements Smells Using Machine Learning Techniques","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388405372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ict4da59526.2023.10302263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ict4da59526.2023.10302263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ict4da59526.2023.10302263","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Development for Africa (ICT4DA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058071159","display_name":"Fekerte Berhanu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fekerte Berhanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT4D Research Center, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT4D Research Center, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079210242","display_name":"Esubalew Alemneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1970-3537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esubalew Alemneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT4D Research Center, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT4D Research Center, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9156,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92924762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"49","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.735079288482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirement-prioritization","display_name":"Requirement prioritization","score":0.5830913782119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-requirements","display_name":"Software requirements","score":0.548427164554596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-analysis","display_name":"Requirements analysis","score":0.5383402705192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-engineering","display_name":"Requirements engineering","score":0.5194544196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4945656955242157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-management","display_name":"Requirements management","score":0.4798961877822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4666103720664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-functional-testing","display_name":"Non-functional testing","score":0.4331144392490387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42215797305107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.41983145475387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-requirements-specification","display_name":"Software requirements specification","score":0.4150870740413666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3588292598724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.2682989835739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2523910701274872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design","display_name":"Software design","score":0.17036452889442444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.735079288482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130505052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7314872","display_name":"Requirement prioritization","level":5,"score":0.5830913782119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54534927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4462275","display_name":"Software requirements","level":5,"score":0.548427164554596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59488412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187147","display_name":"Requirements analysis","level":3,"score":0.5383402705192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6604083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376937","display_name":"Requirements engineering","level":3,"score":0.5194544196128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4945656955242157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173577280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530038","display_name":"Requirements management","level":4,"score":0.4798961877822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4666103720664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26336911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7048920","display_name":"Non-functional testing","level":5,"score":0.4331144392490387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42215797305107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.41983145475387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102780508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761598","display_name":"Software requirements specification","level":5,"score":0.4150870740413666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3588292598724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.2682989835739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2523910701274872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52913732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857102","display_name":"Software design","level":4,"score":0.17036452889442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ict4da59526.2023.10302263","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ict4da59526.2023.10302263","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Development for Africa (ICT4DA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96297488","https://openalex.org/W2023128682","https://openalex.org/W2095287569","https://openalex.org/W2129018774","https://openalex.org/W2291920259","https://openalex.org/W2519106992","https://openalex.org/W2760057463","https://openalex.org/W2907125877","https://openalex.org/W2921630034","https://openalex.org/W2973411283","https://openalex.org/W2988503001","https://openalex.org/W2993736204","https://openalex.org/W3104326040","https://openalex.org/W3158683044","https://openalex.org/W3209390989","https://openalex.org/W4205263969","https://openalex.org/W4206160113","https://openalex.org/W4221155693","https://openalex.org/W6603951864","https://openalex.org/W6805400296","https://openalex.org/W6810063093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3130741515","https://openalex.org/W4378551202","https://openalex.org/W2623064779","https://openalex.org/W2911832600","https://openalex.org/W4293113277","https://openalex.org/W2019774692","https://openalex.org/W2793964963","https://openalex.org/W4206496580","https://openalex.org/W2973948119","https://openalex.org/W2625475396"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0,142],"requirements":[1,16,36,117,125,138,149],"are":[2,37],"a":[3,74,99,212,216],"description":[4],"of":[5,32,54,110],"what":[6],"the":[7,52,88,95,106],"software":[8],"is":[9,73,195],"expected":[10],"to":[11,50,81],"do":[12],"and":[13,47,64,67,108,118,137,158,164,176,188,192],"behave.":[14],"Specifying":[15],"in":[17,35],"natural":[18],"language":[19],"might":[20],"face":[21],"difficulties":[22],"like":[23],"clarity,":[24],"inaccuracy,":[25],"ambiguity,":[26],"incompleteness,":[27],"vagueness":[28],"etc.":[29],"An":[30],"indicator":[31],"such":[33],"problems":[34],"technically":[38],"termed":[39],"as":[40],"requirement":[41,58,79,111,130,208,228,232],"smells.":[42,112],"They":[43],"need":[44],"early":[45],"detection":[46,60],"rapid":[48],"response":[49],"ensure":[51],"quality":[53],"requirements.":[55],"However,":[56],"previous":[57],"smells":[59,80,131,209,229,233],"approaches":[61],"have":[62,114,128,167,199],"scalability":[63],"flexibility":[65],"problems,":[66],"poor":[68],"performance.":[69],"In":[70,90],"addition,":[71],"there":[72],"gap":[75],"on":[76,87],"prioritizing":[77,207],"detected":[78,210],"take":[82],"an":[83,202],"appropriate":[84],"action":[85],"based":[86,103],"order.":[89],"this":[91],"study,":[92],"we":[93,127,198],"address":[94],"gaps":[96],"by":[97,121],"developing":[98],"Machine":[100],"Learning":[101],"(ML)":[102],"approach":[104],"for":[105,206,227],"classification":[107,175,182],"prioritization":[109,177],"We":[113,166],"collected":[115,134],"3100":[116],"labeled":[119],"them":[120],"experts.":[122],"To":[123],"prioritize":[124],"smells,":[126],"used":[129,168,181,201],"severity":[132],"level":[133,140],"from":[135,141,211],"experts":[136],"importance":[139],"Requirement":[143],"Specification":[144],"(SRS)":[145],"document.":[146],"Then,":[147],"textual":[148],"were":[150,160,190],"preprocessed":[151],"using":[152,162],"Natural":[153],"Language":[154],"Processing":[155],"(NLP)":[156],"techniques,":[157],"features":[159],"extracted":[161],"TF-IDF":[163,220],"BOW.":[165],"80/20":[169],"train-test":[170],"split":[171],"ratio.":[172],"For":[173,231],"both":[174],"model":[178],"building,":[179],"commonly":[180],"algorithms":[183,238],"LR,":[184],"NB,":[185],"SVM,":[186],"DT,":[187],"KNN":[189],"applied":[191],"their":[193],"performance":[194,223],"compared.":[196],"Moreover,":[197],"also":[200],"additional":[203],"sorting":[204],"method":[205],"single":[213],"project.":[214],"As":[215],"result,":[217],"LR":[218],"with":[219,224,239],"achieved":[221],"highest":[222],"94%":[225],"accuracy":[226],"classification.":[230],"prioritization,":[234],"SVM":[235],"outperformed":[236],"other":[237],"99%":[240],"accuracy.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}