{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282600312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icst53961.2022.00047","title":"Model-based Testing of Scratch Programs","display_name":"Model-based Testing of Scratch Programs","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282600312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icst53961.2022.00047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icst53961.2022.00047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icst53961.2022.00047","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054648302","display_name":"Katharina G\u00f6tz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Katharina Gotz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau,Passau,Germany","University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau,Passau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083404897","display_name":"Patric Feldmeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-7671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patric Feldmeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau,Passau,Germany","University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau,Passau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079261847","display_name":"Gordon Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau,Passau,Germany","University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau,Passau,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054648302"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88738044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"411","last_page":"421"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.9476209878921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8610345125198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.7755918502807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6222445964813232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-programming-language","display_name":"Visual programming language","score":0.41724690794944763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.9476209878921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8610345125198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.7755918502807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6222445964813232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128644962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683111","display_name":"Visual programming language","level":2,"score":0.41724690794944763}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icst53961.2022.00047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icst53961.2022.00047","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963557108","https://openalex.org/W1979345446","https://openalex.org/W2004929506","https://openalex.org/W2101398579","https://openalex.org/W2119296494","https://openalex.org/W2293632864","https://openalex.org/W2294905309","https://openalex.org/W2465021265","https://openalex.org/W2553937184","https://openalex.org/W2768531358","https://openalex.org/W2889467058","https://openalex.org/W2967058750","https://openalex.org/W2981728505","https://openalex.org/W3033018956","https://openalex.org/W3090921163"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2061417947","https://openalex.org/W1607095761","https://openalex.org/W1739784456","https://openalex.org/W4312362817","https://openalex.org/W2161373261","https://openalex.org/W1924502949","https://openalex.org/W4246664336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learners":[0],"are":[1,15,87],"often":[2],"introduced":[3],"to":[4,20,66,73,81,175,192],"programming":[5,97],"via":[6],"dedicated":[7],"languages":[8],"such":[9,30],"as":[10],"SCRATCH,":[11,99],"where":[12,100],"block-based":[13],"commands":[14],"assembled":[16],"visually":[17],"in":[18,96,98,109,166],"order":[19],"control":[21,74],"the":[22,75,83,90,110,116,177,211],"interactions":[23],"of":[24,29,59,93,115,123,168,180,184],"graphical":[25,111,189],"sprites.":[26],"Automated":[27],"testing":[28,147,154,197,205],"programs":[31,50,62],"is":[32,208],"an":[33,152],"important":[34],"prerequisite":[35],"for":[36,48,132,156],"supporting":[37],"debugging,":[38],"providing":[39],"hints,":[40],"or":[41,113],"assessing":[42],"learning":[43],"outcomes.":[44],"However,":[45],"writing":[46],"tests":[47],"SCRATCH":[49,61,124,157],"can":[51],"be":[52,105],"challenging:":[53],"The":[54,118,159],"game-like":[55],"and":[56,120,187,191],"randomised":[57],"nature":[58,122],"typical":[60],"makes":[63,127,172],"it":[64,173],"difficult":[65],"identify":[67],"specific":[68],"timed":[69],"input":[70],"sequences":[71],"used":[72],"programs.":[76,158,200],"Furthermore,":[77],"precise":[78],"test":[79,195],"assertions":[80],"check":[82,176],"resulting":[84],"program":[85,102,134,164,182],"states":[86],"incompatible":[88],"with":[89,107,206],"fundamental":[91],"principle":[92],"creative":[94],"freedom":[95],"correct":[101],"behaviour":[103,135,165,179],"may":[104],"implemented":[106],"deviations":[108],"appearance":[112],"timing":[114,186],"program.":[117],"event-driven":[119],"actor-oriented":[121],"programs,":[125],"however,":[126],"them":[128],"a":[129,145,181],"natural":[130],"fit":[131],"describing":[133],"using":[136],"finite":[137],"state":[138,169],"machines.":[139],"In":[140],"this":[141],"paper,":[142],"we":[143],"introduce":[144],"model-based":[146,160,204],"approach":[148],"by":[149],"extending":[150],"WHISKER,":[151],"automated":[153],"framework":[155],"extension":[161],"describes":[162],"expected":[163],"terms":[167],"machines,":[170],"which":[171],"feasible":[174],"abstract":[178],"independent":[183],"exact":[185],"pixel-precise":[188],"details,":[190],"automatically":[193],"derive":[194],"inputs":[196],"even":[198],"challenging":[199],"A":[201],"video":[202],"demonstrating":[203],"WHISKER":[207],"available":[209],"at":[210],"following":[212],"URL:":[213],"https://youtu.be/edgCNbGSGEY":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}