{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4352981317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsrs56243.2022.10067329","title":"PAC-Based Formal Verification for Out-of-Distribution Data Detection","display_name":"PAC-Based Formal Verification for Out-of-Distribution Data Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4352981317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsrs56243.2022.10067329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsrs56243.2022.10067329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsrs56243.2022.10067329","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 6th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071158165","display_name":"Mohit Prashant","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Prashant","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering NTU,Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering NTU, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering NTU,Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering NTU, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054946593","display_name":"Arvind Easwaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9628-3847"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arvind Easwaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering NTU,Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering NTU, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering NTU,Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering NTU, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071158165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1205,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45643663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"300","last_page":"309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8112797737121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6317757964134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5111687779426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5076237916946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.45602768659591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4524019658565521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44691169261932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interrupt","display_name":"Interrupt","score":0.43512314558029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.4113699495792389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4112166166305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41090309619903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40793442726135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.2788081765174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1121847927570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.10735252499580383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8112797737121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6317757964134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5111687779426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5076237916946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.45602768659591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4524019658565521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44691169261932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41661131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220764","display_name":"Interrupt","level":3,"score":0.43512314558029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.4113699495792389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4112166166305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41090309619903564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40793442726135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2788081765174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1121847927570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.10735252499580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsrs56243.2022.10067329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsrs56243.2022.10067329","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 6th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976466849","https://openalex.org/W2045313701","https://openalex.org/W2066778083","https://openalex.org/W2166693382","https://openalex.org/W2552475543","https://openalex.org/W2739835893","https://openalex.org/W2914304175","https://openalex.org/W2982370260","https://openalex.org/W3021850381","https://openalex.org/W3027099759","https://openalex.org/W3098476760","https://openalex.org/W3115028727","https://openalex.org/W3205597769","https://openalex.org/W4205181505","https://openalex.org/W4210791054","https://openalex.org/W4212944343","https://openalex.org/W4238893454","https://openalex.org/W4283787279","https://openalex.org/W4312294904","https://openalex.org/W4322489881","https://openalex.org/W6629287044","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6771678303","https://openalex.org/W6775258381","https://openalex.org/W6779726198","https://openalex.org/W6801468180","https://openalex.org/W6802647179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288898221","https://openalex.org/W2358308054","https://openalex.org/W2109690896","https://openalex.org/W2391783641","https://openalex.org/W4231875098","https://openalex.org/W4230529130","https://openalex.org/W2391365542","https://openalex.org/W2361731841","https://openalex.org/W2386367690","https://openalex.org/W4243198198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"systems":[1,104,136],"(CPS)":[2],"like":[3],"autonomous":[4],"vehicles,":[5],"that":[6,228],"utilize":[7],"learning":[8,88],"components,":[9],"are":[10,229],"often":[11],"sensitive":[12],"to":[13,34,38,45,55,66,86,98,152,172,185,207,224],"noise":[14],"and":[15,83,105,147,176,218],"out-of-distribution":[16],"(OOD)":[17],"instances":[18],"encountered":[19],"during":[20],"run-time.":[21],"As":[22],"such,":[23],"safety":[24,47],"critical":[25],"tasks":[26],"depend":[27],"upon":[28],"OOD":[29,60,69,81,164],"detection":[30,110,165,188],"subsystems":[31],"in":[32,75,203],"order":[33],"restore":[35],"the":[36,57,68,87,91,122,125,130,167,187,214,220,225],"CPS":[37],"a":[39],"known":[40,85],"state":[41],"or":[42,108],"interrupt":[43],"execution":[44],"prevent":[46],"from":[48,239],"being":[49],"compromised.":[50],"However,":[51],"it":[52,63],"is":[53,64,97,121,183,206,233],"difficult":[54,65],"guarantee":[56,232],"performance":[58],"of":[59,71,124],"detectors":[61],"as":[62],"characterize":[67],"aspect":[70],"an":[72,94,241],"instance,":[73],"especially":[74],"high-dimensional":[76],"unstructured":[77,145],"data.To":[78],"distinguish":[79],"between":[80],"data":[82,84,126,146,237],"component":[89],"through":[90,129,137],"training":[92],"process,":[93,132],"emerging":[95],"technique":[96],"incorporate":[99],"variational":[100],"autoencoders":[101],"(VAE)":[102],"within":[103,170],"apply":[106,177],"classification":[107],"anomaly":[109],"techniques":[111,151],"on":[112,163,190],"their":[113],"latent":[114,215],"spaces.":[115],"The":[116,200,231],"rationale":[117],"for":[118,144],"doing":[119],"so":[120],"reduction":[123],"domain":[127],"size":[128],"encoding":[131,168],"which":[133],"benefits":[134],"real-time":[135],"decreased":[138],"processing":[139],"requirements,":[140],"facilitates":[141],"feature":[142],"analysis":[143],"allows":[148],"more":[149],"explainable":[150],"be":[153],"implemented.This":[154],"study":[155,205],"places":[156],"probably":[157],"approximately":[158],"correct":[159],"(PAC)":[160],"based":[161],"guarantees":[162],"using":[166,236],"process":[169],"VAEs":[171],"quantify":[173],"image":[174],"features":[175],"conformal":[178],"constraints":[179],"over":[180],"them.":[181],"This":[182],"used":[184,202],"bound":[186],"error":[189,221],"unfamiliar":[191],"instances,":[192],"\u03f5,":[193],"with":[194,222],"user-defined":[195],"confidence,":[196],"1":[197],"\u2212":[198],"\u03b4.":[199],"approach":[201],"this":[204],"empirically":[208],"establish":[209],"these":[210],"bounds":[211],"by":[212],"sampling":[213],"probability":[216],"distribution":[217],"evaluating":[219],"respect":[223],"constraint":[226],"violations":[227],"encountered.":[230],"then":[234],"verified":[235],"generated":[238],"CARLA,":[240],"open-source":[242],"driving":[243],"simulator.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}