{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117690393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346796","title":"Generalization of the no-free-lunch theorem","display_name":"Generalization of the no-free-lunch theorem","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117690393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346796","mag":"2117690393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346796","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050605025","display_name":"Albert Y. S. Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6887-9301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Albert Y. S. Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056877599","display_name":"Victor O. K. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1380-9445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor O. K. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050605025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12561564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"4322","last_page":"4328"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.725668728351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6063120365142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.5751082301139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundamental-theorem","display_name":"Fundamental theorem","score":0.5282261371612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5242096185684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/danskins-theorem","display_name":"Danskin's theorem","score":0.4283279776573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40831130743026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3820880949497223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3755427598953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.35598063468933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3315524756908417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brouwer-fixed-point-theorem","display_name":"Brouwer fixed-point theorem","score":0.32728058099746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-point-theorem","display_name":"Fixed-point theorem","score":0.2463606595993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1810528039932251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.725668728351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6063120365142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5751082301139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194886279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430271","display_name":"Fundamental theorem","level":3,"score":0.5282261371612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5242096185684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48540410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5221089","display_name":"Danskin's theorem","level":4,"score":0.4283279776573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40831130743026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3820880949497223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3755427598953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.35598063468933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3315524756908417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146147875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144897","display_name":"Brouwer fixed-point theorem","level":3,"score":0.32728058099746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45962547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1422068","display_name":"Fixed-point theorem","level":2,"score":0.2463606595993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1810528039932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346796","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.856.5548","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.856.5548","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/126077/1/Content.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/126077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/126077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference_Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67550657","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1503705371","https://openalex.org/W1517645435","https://openalex.org/W1573676079","https://openalex.org/W1639032689","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1835739687","https://openalex.org/W1977945115","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2027293986","https://openalex.org/W2102184039","https://openalex.org/W2136554306","https://openalex.org/W2142053997","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2152150600","https://openalex.org/W2157118346","https://openalex.org/W2339500526","https://openalex.org/W2904250082","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W4212899374","https://openalex.org/W4292408555","https://openalex.org/W6602713643"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2359037450","https://openalex.org/W2366068903","https://openalex.org/W2492532462","https://openalex.org/W2063265350","https://openalex.org/W2357396962","https://openalex.org/W2361904485","https://openalex.org/W2381702061","https://openalex.org/W2044132465","https://openalex.org/W1977021713","https://openalex.org/W3149739615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"No-Free-Lunch":[1],"(NFL)":[2],"Theorem":[3,80],"provides":[4],"a":[5],"fundamental":[6],"limit":[7],"governing":[8],"all":[9],"optimization/search":[10],"algorithms":[11],"and":[12,22,61],"has":[13],"successfully":[14],"drawn":[15],"attention":[16],"to":[17],"theoretical":[18],"foundation":[19],"of":[20,42,49,59,70,95,98],"optimization":[21],"search.":[23],"However,":[24],"we":[25,45,75],"find":[26],"several":[27,47],"limitations":[28],"in":[29],"the":[30,40,50,57,71,78,96],"original":[31,51],"NFL":[32,52,79],"paper.":[33],"In":[34,73],"this":[35],"work,":[36],"using":[37],"results":[38],"from":[39],"nature":[41,97],"search":[43,99],"algorithms,":[44],"enhance":[46],"aspects":[48],"Theorem.":[53],"We":[54,64],"have":[55],"identified":[56],"properties":[58],"deterministic":[60],"probabilistic":[62],"algorithms.":[63,100],"also":[65],"provide":[66],"an":[67,93],"enumeration":[68],"proof":[69],"theorem.":[72],"addition,":[74],"show":[76],"that":[77],"is":[81],"still":[82],"valid":[83],"for":[84],"more":[85],"general":[86],"performance":[87],"measures.":[88],"This":[89],"work":[90],"serves":[91],"as":[92],"application":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}