{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2163209108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346184","title":"Speed-up of the R<sup>4</sup>-rule for distance-based neural network learning","display_name":"Speed-up of the R<sup>4</sup>-rule for distance-based neural network learning","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2163209108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346184","mag":"2163209108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346184","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027119852","display_name":"Naoki Tominaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1283-602X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naoki Tominaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Intelligence Laboratory, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Intelligence Laboratory, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069452869","display_name":"Qiangfu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3101-749X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiangfu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["System Intelligence Laboratory, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System Intelligence Laboratory, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027119852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14700377,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"3389","last_page":"3394"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6321429014205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6186593770980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-vector-quantization","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","score":0.5172901153564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5113970637321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4506266415119171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43121153116226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3231334984302521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6321429014205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6186593770980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40567965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820283","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","level":3,"score":0.5172901153564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5113970637321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4506266415119171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43121153116226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3231334984302521}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346184","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65738273","https://openalex.org/W1969679257","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W2014946817","https://openalex.org/W2024844388","https://openalex.org/W2055913343","https://openalex.org/W2069797735","https://openalex.org/W2084812512","https://openalex.org/W2096754294","https://openalex.org/W2098039338","https://openalex.org/W2098056270","https://openalex.org/W2102345890","https://openalex.org/W2106304233","https://openalex.org/W2117847384","https://openalex.org/W2117945671","https://openalex.org/W2127839699","https://openalex.org/W2129287653","https://openalex.org/W2147564375","https://openalex.org/W2152458387","https://openalex.org/W2152477898","https://openalex.org/W4250621041"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,78,123],"R":[1,21,40,66],"4":[4,24,43,69],"-rule":[5,25,44],"is":[6,45,55,81,128],"a":[7],"heuristic":[8],"algorithm":[9,54],"for":[10,96,121],"distance-based":[11],"neural":[12],"network":[13],"(DBNN)":[14],"learning.":[15,59,122],"Experimental":[16],"results":[17],"show":[18],"that":[19],"the":[20,28,35,39,49,62,65,83,92,98,102,108,116],"can":[26],"obtain":[27],"smallest":[29,32],"or":[30],"nearly":[31],"DBNNs.":[33],"However,":[34],"computational":[36],"cost":[37,63],"of":[38,64,94,118,125],"relatively":[46],"high":[47],"because":[48],"learning":[50,110],"vector":[51],"quantization":[52],"(LVQ)":[53],"used":[56,120],"iteratively":[57],"during":[58],"To":[60],"reduce":[61,91,115],"-rule,":[70],"we":[71],"investigate":[72],"three":[73],"approaches":[74],"in":[75],"this":[76],"paper.":[77],"first":[79],"one":[80],"called":[82],"distance":[84,99],"preservation":[85],"(DP)":[86],"approach,":[87],"which":[88,112],"tries":[89],"to":[90,114],"number":[93,117],"times":[95],"calculating":[97],"values,":[100],"and":[101],"other":[103],"two":[104],"are":[105],"based":[106],"on":[107,132],"attentional":[109],"concept,":[111],"try":[113],"data":[119],"efficiency":[124],"these":[126],"methods":[127],"verified":[129],"through":[130],"experiments":[131],"several":[133],"public":[134],"databases.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}