{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2114449149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2004.1398364","title":"Machine learning methods for fully automatic recognition of facial expressions and facial actions","display_name":"Machine learning methods for fully automatic recognition of facial expressions and facial actions","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2114449149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2004.1398364","mag":"2114449149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsmc.2004.1398364","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2004.1398364","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2004 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37583)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111580862","display_name":"Marian Stewart Bartlett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M.S. Bartlett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014021364","display_name":"Gwen Littlewort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-290X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Littlewort","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035541080","display_name":"Claudia Lainscsek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1067-8961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Lainscsek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063398337","display_name":"Ian Fasel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Fasel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010136172","display_name":"Javier R. Movellan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Movellan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Neural Comput., California Univ., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111580862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.7969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":169,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99202367,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"592","last_page":"597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-action-coding-system","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","score":0.8670067191123962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7271885275840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7252904176712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6928656697273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.634819507598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.6332481503486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5211420059204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4909124970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4138079285621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34750574827194214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.8670067191123962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7271885275840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7252904176712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6928656697273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.634819507598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.6332481503486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5211420059204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4909124970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4138079285621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34750574827194214}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsmc.2004.1398364","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2004.1398364","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2004 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37583)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.2.1779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.1779","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mplab.ucsd.edu/~movellan/mypapers/SMC_Bartlett.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.58.5181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.5181","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cnl.salk.edu/pub/marni/Bartlett_SMC2004.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196503049","https://openalex.org/W1489504112","https://openalex.org/W1540371141","https://openalex.org/W1968773332","https://openalex.org/W2024046085","https://openalex.org/W2095757522","https://openalex.org/W2106390385","https://openalex.org/W2108054537","https://openalex.org/W2119200170","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2127530969","https://openalex.org/W2133180260","https://openalex.org/W2134393319","https://openalex.org/W2140351517","https://openalex.org/W2141522145","https://openalex.org/W2147011403","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2158387825","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W2160895708","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W3214102110","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6608046865","https://openalex.org/W6632223008","https://openalex.org/W6683218905","https://openalex.org/W6804270185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012415311","https://openalex.org/W1998708415","https://openalex.org/W3169168314","https://openalex.org/W2627086084","https://openalex.org/W2130087906","https://openalex.org/W2023657742","https://openalex.org/W2953116087","https://openalex.org/W3153565281","https://openalex.org/W2049699482","https://openalex.org/W2081749143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,20,97,182],"present":[1,194],"a":[2,67,77,101,128,163,211,233],"systematic":[3],"comparison":[4],"of":[5,13,17,23,37,62,69,103,130,144,158,215,227,235],"machine":[6],"learning":[7],"methods":[8],"applied":[9,184],"to":[10,48,76,153,187,242],"the":[11,27,142,145,170,177,185,222,228],"problem":[12],"fully":[14,188],"automatic":[15],"recognition":[16,22,36,78,106,157],"facial":[18,24,28,39,82,160,190,244],"expressions.":[19,40],"explored":[21],"actions":[25],"from":[26],"action":[29,191,198],"coding":[30],"system":[31,186,195],"(FACS),":[32],"as":[33,35,116,118,232],"well":[34,117],"fall":[38],"Each":[41],"video-frame":[42],"is":[43],"first":[44],"scanned":[45],"in":[46,87,162,205,221],"real-time":[47],"detect":[49],"approximately":[50],"upright":[51],"frontal":[52],"faces.":[53],"The":[54,150,193,225],"faces":[55],"found":[56],"are":[57],"scaled":[58],"into":[59,84],"image":[60],"patches":[61],"equal":[63],"size,":[64],"convolved":[65],"with":[66,207,210,217],"bank":[68],"Gabor":[70,131],"energy":[71],"filters,":[72],"and":[73,135,237],"then":[74,136],"passed":[75],"engine":[79],"that":[80],"codes":[81,220],"expressions":[83,161],"7":[85],"dimensions":[86],"real":[88],"time:":[89],"neutral,":[90],"anger,":[91],"disgust,":[92],"fear,":[93],"joy,":[94],"sadness,":[95],"surprise.":[96],"report":[98],"results":[99,123],"on":[100,141,176],"series":[102],"experiments":[104],"comparing":[105],"engines,":[107],"including":[108],"AdaBoost,":[109],"support":[110,138],"vector":[111,139],"machines,":[112],"linear":[113],"discriminant":[114],"analysis,":[115],"feature":[119],"selection":[120],"techniques.":[121],"Best":[122],"were":[124],"obtained":[125],"by":[126,148],"selecting":[127],"subset":[129],"filters":[132,146],"using":[133],"AdaBoost":[134],"training":[137],"machines":[140],"outputs":[143,226],"selected":[147],"AdaBoost.":[149],"generalization":[151],"performance":[152,172],"new":[154],"subjects":[155],"for":[156],"full":[159],"7-way":[164],"forced":[165],"choice":[166],"was":[167],"93%":[168],"correct,":[169],"best":[171],"reported":[173],"so":[174],"far":[175],"Cohn-Kanade":[178,223],"FACS-coded":[179],"expression":[180,245],"dataset.":[181,224],"also":[183],"automated":[189],"coding.":[192],"classifies":[196],"18":[197],"units,":[199],"whether":[200],"they":[201],"occur":[202],"singly":[203],"or":[204],"combination":[206],"other":[208],"actions,":[209],"mean":[212],"agreement":[213],"rate":[214],"94.5%":[216],"human":[218],"FACS":[219],"classifiers":[229],"change":[230],"smoothly":[231],"function":[234],"time":[236],"thus":[238],"can":[239],"be":[240],"used":[241],"measure":[243],"dynamics.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
