{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2150030610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2003.1244388","title":"Human control of multiple robots in the RoboFlag simulation environment","display_name":"Human control of multiple robots in the RoboFlag simulation environment","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2150030610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2003.1244388","mag":"2150030610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsmc.2003.1244388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2003.1244388","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SMC'03 Conference Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Conference Theme - System Security and Assurance (Cat. No.03CH37483)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034080328","display_name":"Raja Parasuraman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168959743","display_name":"University of America","ror":"https://ror.org/03s0c9350","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168959743"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84470341","display_name":"Catholic University of America","ror":"https://ror.org/047yk3s18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84470341"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Parasuraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science Laboratory, Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science Laboratory, Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168959743","https://openalex.org/I84470341"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085756060","display_name":"Scott M. Galster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-2122"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Galster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Effectiveness Directorate, Dayton, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Effectiveness Directorate, Dayton, OH, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033125377","display_name":"Chris Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-7088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103432","display_name":"Smart Information Flow Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01hnzmd62","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Information Flow Technologies, Minneapolis, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Information Flow Technologies, Minneapolis, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034080328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168959743","https://openalex.org/I84470341"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98315386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"3232","last_page":"3237"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.6937717199325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delegation","display_name":"Delegation","score":0.6925835013389587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6477307081222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6452236175537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.6420950293540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervisory-control","display_name":"Supervisory control","score":0.6044317483901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.583777666091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.573016345500946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.48700767755508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.46887755393981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.4606075584888458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.4540858566761017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.4481396973133087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4368317723274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4343879520893097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39930349588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20513957738876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17041373252868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.15016615390777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1304418444633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.09497416019439697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6937717199325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.6925835013389587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6477307081222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6452236175537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.6420950293540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92991967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7644329","display_name":"Supervisory control","level":3,"score":0.6044317483901978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.583777666091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.573016345500946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.48700767755508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.46887755393981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.4606075584888458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.4540858566761017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.4481396973133087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4368317723274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4343879520893097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39930349588394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20513957738876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17041373252868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.15016615390777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1304418444633484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.09497416019439697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsmc.2003.1244388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2003.1244388","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SMC'03 Conference Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Conference Theme - System Security and Assurance (Cat. No.03CH37483)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52991714","https://openalex.org/W75304808","https://openalex.org/W151879069","https://openalex.org/W231035755","https://openalex.org/W1230237032","https://openalex.org/W1522306314","https://openalex.org/W1992440943","https://openalex.org/W2048017488","https://openalex.org/W2063052894","https://openalex.org/W2083511620","https://openalex.org/W2113683016","https://openalex.org/W2123179704","https://openalex.org/W2144647376","https://openalex.org/W2149408972","https://openalex.org/W2151487865","https://openalex.org/W2317872491","https://openalex.org/W2389425588","https://openalex.org/W6602167605","https://openalex.org/W6603078145","https://openalex.org/W6606262937","https://openalex.org/W6627847364","https://openalex.org/W6711152130","https://openalex.org/W6816770724","https://openalex.org/W6836494016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154523322","https://openalex.org/W2083200807","https://openalex.org/W2364195017","https://openalex.org/W2049983405","https://openalex.org/W2355430452","https://openalex.org/W1603137082","https://openalex.org/W2392315374","https://openalex.org/W1951195060","https://openalex.org/W2351776620","https://openalex.org/W2352195574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"performance":[1,54,96,158],"and":[2,64,98,104,125,134,144,151,160],"supervisory":[3,164],"control":[4,146,165],"strategies":[5],"were":[6,76,107],"examined":[7,77],"using":[8,31],"the":[9,70,89,119,126,129,140,161],"RoboFlag":[10],"simulation":[11],"environment.":[12],"In":[13],"an":[14],"emulation":[15],"of":[16,28,43,55,69,88,92,101,121,128,142,163],"a":[17,22,26,44,115],"multiple":[18],"unmanned":[19],"vehicle":[20],"mission,":[21],"single":[23],"operator":[24],"supervised":[25],"team":[27],"six":[29],"robots":[30],"automated":[32,145],"modes":[33],"or":[34,62,74],"\"plays\"":[35],"as":[36,38],"well":[37],"manual":[39,143],"control.":[40],"Simplified":[41],"form":[42],"delegation":[45],"type":[46],"interface,":[47],"Playbook,":[48],"was":[49],"used.":[50],"Effects":[51],"on":[52,118],"user":[53],"two":[56],"factors,":[57],"opponent":[58,132],"\"posture\"":[59],"(offensive,":[60],"defensive,":[61],"mixed)":[63],"environmental":[65],"uncertainty":[66],"(visual":[67],"range":[68,136],"robots:":[71],"low,":[72],"medium,":[73],"high),":[75],"in":[78,86],"18":[79],"participants":[80],"who":[81],"completed":[82,124],"five":[83],"mission":[84],"trials":[85],"each":[87,110],"nine":[90],"combinations":[91],"these":[93],"factors.":[94],"Objective":[95],"measures":[97],"subjective":[99],"assessments":[100],"mental":[102],"workload":[103],"situation":[105],"awareness":[106],"obtained":[108],"from":[109],"participant.":[111],"Opponent":[112],"posture":[113,133],"had":[114],"significant":[116],"effect":[117],"percent":[120],"missions":[122],"successfully":[123],"duration":[127],"games.":[130],"Both":[131],"visual":[135],"also":[137],"significantly":[138],"affected":[139],"use":[141],"strategies.":[147],"Operator":[148],"strategy":[149],"selection":[150],"implementation":[152],"are":[153],"discussed":[154],"with":[155],"regard":[156],"to":[157],"data":[159],"design":[162],"interfaces":[166],"that":[167],"support":[168],"flexible":[169],"task":[170],"delegation.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
