{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2162425594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsm.2009.5306348","title":"Linux kernels as complex networks: A novel method to study evolution","display_name":"Linux kernels as complex networks: A novel method to study evolution","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2162425594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsm.2009.5306348","mag":"2162425594"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsm.2009.5306348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsm.2009.5306348","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100703965","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7011-0633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736452","display_name":"Zheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-9844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059256963","display_name":"Chen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3863-5832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425766","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-6556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Beijing Aeronautics and Astronautics University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033658029","display_name":"Qiang Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-7818"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & IT, UPEI, Charlottetown, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & IT, UPEI, Charlottetown, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100703965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1081,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92677875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"41","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9290000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7544037699699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linux-kernel","display_name":"Linux kernel","score":0.6306829452514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6277419328689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-call","display_name":"System call","score":0.572412371635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-network","display_name":"Complex network","score":0.551831066608429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5273906588554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/file-system","display_name":"File system","score":0.5221971869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree-distribution","display_name":"Degree distribution","score":0.5092376470565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-attachment","display_name":"Preferential attachment","score":0.48199477791786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4428052008152008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4247099757194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3497762978076935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.146908700466156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.1304948329925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.11203816533088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08384805917739868}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7544037699699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553261973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579","display_name":"Linux kernel","level":2,"score":0.6306829452514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6277419328689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778579508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722192","display_name":"System call","level":2,"score":0.572412371635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.551831066608429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5273906588554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780940931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174989","display_name":"File system","level":2,"score":0.5221971869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87414783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1002603","display_name":"Degree distribution","level":3,"score":0.5092376470565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780600066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239828","display_name":"Preferential attachment","level":3,"score":0.48199477791786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4428052008152008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4247099757194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3497762978076935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.146908700466156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.1304948329925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11203816533088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08384805917739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsm.2009.5306348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsm.2009.5306348","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506513518","https://openalex.org/W1582506407","https://openalex.org/W1603460410","https://openalex.org/W1643360935","https://openalex.org/W2000483727","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2018494056","https://openalex.org/W2021741361","https://openalex.org/W2077090091","https://openalex.org/W2104042793","https://openalex.org/W2104660782","https://openalex.org/W2105376034","https://openalex.org/W2110385988","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2116243202","https://openalex.org/W2128780139","https://openalex.org/W2131674369","https://openalex.org/W2145416273","https://openalex.org/W2148606196","https://openalex.org/W2152317203","https://openalex.org/W2162520939","https://openalex.org/W2170766502","https://openalex.org/W2950627632","https://openalex.org/W4236713380","https://openalex.org/W6634816700","https://openalex.org/W6636596637","https://openalex.org/W6670082407","https://openalex.org/W6675770679","https://openalex.org/W6682700007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560913374","https://openalex.org/W2141185052","https://openalex.org/W230111105","https://openalex.org/W2341322822","https://openalex.org/W2976337371","https://openalex.org/W1981257001","https://openalex.org/W2982838328","https://openalex.org/W4288103010","https://openalex.org/W2922108232","https://openalex.org/W3013262114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,80],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"many":[3],"graphs":[4,49,67],"have":[5],"turned":[6],"out":[7],"to":[8,18,27,51,60,106],"be":[9,104],"complex":[10,25,78],"networks.":[11,79],"This":[12],"paper":[13],"presents":[14],"a":[15,99],"novel":[16],"method":[17,101],"study":[19],"Linux":[20,30],"kernel":[21,31,53],"evolution":[22,115],"-":[23],"using":[24],"networks":[26],"understand":[28],"how":[29],"modules":[32,54],"evolve":[33],"over":[34],"time.":[35],"After":[36],"studying":[37],"the":[38,47,52,65,69,84,114],"node":[39],"degree":[40],"distribution":[41],"and":[42,72,87],"average":[43],"path":[44],"length":[45],"of":[46,55,68,83,116],"call":[48,66],"corresponding":[50],"223":[56],"different":[57],"versions":[58],"(V1.1.0":[59],"V2.4.35),":[61],"we":[62,97],"found":[63],"that":[64,102,111],"file":[70,85],"system":[71,86],"drivers":[73,88],"module":[74,89],"are":[75],"scale-free":[76],"small-world":[77],"addition,":[81],"both":[82],"exhibit":[90],"very":[91],"strong":[92],"preferential":[93],"attachment":[94],"tendency.":[95],"Finally,":[96],"proposed":[98],"generic":[100],"could":[103],"used":[105],"find":[107],"major":[108],"structural":[109],"changes":[110],"occur":[112],"during":[113],"software":[117],"systems.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
