{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388100343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icset59111.2023.10295089","title":"Comparison of One-Stage and Two-Stage Strategies of Machine Learning Model for Rock Art Object Detection","display_name":"Comparison of One-Stage and Two-Stage Strategies of Machine Learning Model for Rock Art Object Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388100343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icset59111.2023.10295089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icset59111.2023.10295089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icset59111.2023.10295089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081720223","display_name":"Muhammad Safwan Suhaimi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Safwan Suhaimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus,College of Built Environment,Perlis,Malaysia","College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus,College of Built Environment,Perlis,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009306531","display_name":"Khairulazhar Zainuddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2121-461X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khairulazhar Zainuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus,College of Built Environment,Perlis,Malaysia","College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus,College of Built Environment,Perlis,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051946619","display_name":"Mimi Diana Ghazali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-0445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mimi Diana Ghazali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus,College of Built Environment,Perlis,Malaysia","College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus,College of Built Environment,Perlis,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016855977","display_name":"Faradina Marzukhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7754-7619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faradina Marzukhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus,College of Built Environment,Perlis,Malaysia","College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus,College of Built Environment,Perlis,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103721738","display_name":"Abd Manan Samad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abd Manan Samad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam,Geomatics Science and Natural Resources College of Built Environment,Malaysia","Geomatics Science and Natural Resources College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam,Geomatics Science and Natural Resources College of Built Environment,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomatics Science and Natural Resources College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047702500","display_name":"Zulkepli Majid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-7491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zulkepli Majid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Geopark Research Sattelite Laboratory Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying,Johor,Malaysia","Geopark Research Sattelite Laboratory Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Geopark Research Sattelite Laboratory Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying,Johor,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geopark Research Sattelite Laboratory Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083801787","display_name":"Mohd Farid Mohd Ariff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4102-0124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Farid Mohd Ariff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Geopark Research Sattelite Laboratory Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying,Johor,Malaysia","Geopark Research Sattelite Laboratory Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Geopark Research Sattelite Laboratory Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying,Johor,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geopark Research Sattelite Laboratory Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081720223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550","https://openalex.org/I82724352"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70405868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"215","last_page":"220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.8810300827026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6082563996315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6074321269989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5639857053756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5294308662414551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39731255173683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.28685373067855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23501408100128174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.8810300827026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6082563996315002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6074321269989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5639857053756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5294308662414551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39731255173683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28685373067855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23501408100128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icset59111.2023.10295089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icset59111.2023.10295089","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321147","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0512bh102"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783616455","https://openalex.org/W2913330314","https://openalex.org/W2963144738","https://openalex.org/W2972006294","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W3019909811","https://openalex.org/W3047401433","https://openalex.org/W4283390956","https://openalex.org/W6748050646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398","https://openalex.org/W2775347418"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tracing":[0],"rock":[1,35,76,156,192,205,226,264],"art":[2,36,77,157,193,206,227,265],"documentation":[3],"has":[4,29],"traditionally":[5],"relied":[6],"on":[7,44,190],"manual":[8,254],"identification":[9],"by":[10,177],"field":[11,224],"specialists,":[12],"which":[13,110],"can":[14,258],"be":[15],"laborious":[16],"and":[17,23,94,107,116,150,187,200,216,235,247,261],"expensive.":[18],"Integrating":[19],"Artificial":[20,60],"Intelligence":[21],"(AI)":[22],"Machine":[24],"Learning":[25,54],"(ML)":[26],"in":[27,87,96,155,250,263],"archaeology":[28],"introduced":[30],"new":[31],"possibilities":[32],"for":[33,70,114,142,204,232,253],"enhancing":[34],"research.":[37,158,207],"ML,":[38,215],"a":[39,84,136,146,153,162,167,248],"sub-field":[40],"of":[41,125,213,225,243],"AI,":[42,214],"focuses":[43],"training":[45,166],"models":[46],"using":[47,184],"data.":[48],"At":[49],"the":[50,123,173,198,211,223,244,251],"same":[51],"time,":[52],"Deep":[53],"(DL)":[55],"advances":[56],"this":[57,160],"approach":[58,164],"with":[59],"Neural":[61],"Networks":[62],"(ANN).":[63],"Although":[64],"ML":[65],"methods":[66],"have":[67],"proven":[68],"helpful":[69],"structured":[71],"datasets,":[72],"their":[73,202],"application":[74],"to":[75,171,221],"research":[78],"remains":[79],"largely":[80],"unexplored.":[81],"Object":[82],"detection,":[83],"critical":[85],"task":[86],"computer":[88,218],"vision,":[89],"involves":[90,165],"predicting":[91],"object":[92,99,133],"locations":[93],"classes":[95],"images.":[97,194],"State-of-the-art":[98],"detectors":[100,103,129,189],"include":[101],"two-stage":[102,188],"like":[104,130],"Faster":[105],"R-CNN":[106],"Mask":[108],"R-CNN,":[109],"generate":[111],"region":[112],"proposals":[113],"classification":[115],"bounding-box":[117],"regression,":[118],"achieving":[119],"high":[120],"accuracy":[121,141,149,262],"at":[122],"expense":[124],"speed.":[126,144],"Conversely,":[127],"one-stage":[128,186],"YOLO":[131],"treat":[132],"detection":[134],"as":[135],"regression":[137],"problem,":[138],"sacrificing":[139],"some":[140],"improved":[143],"Striking":[145],"balance":[147],"between":[148],"speed":[151],"poses":[152],"challenge":[154],"In":[159],"context,":[161],"promising":[163],"deep":[168],"neural":[169],"network":[170],"regress":[172],"difficulty":[174],"scores":[175],"produced":[176],"human":[178],"annotators.":[179],"An":[180],"experiment":[181],"was":[182],"conducted":[183],"both":[185],"large-scale":[191],"The":[195,208],"study":[196],"presents":[197],"results":[199],"reflects":[201],"implications":[203],"findings":[209],"emphasize":[210],"potential":[212],"advanced":[217],"vision":[219],"techniques":[220],"revolutionize":[222],"research,":[228],"offering":[229],"enhanced":[230],"capabilities":[231],"analyzing,":[233],"preserving,":[234],"interpreting":[236],"these":[237,256],"invaluable":[238],"archaeological":[239],"artifacts.":[240],"Through":[241],"automation":[242],"detecting":[245],"process":[246],"decrease":[249],"need":[252],"labor,":[255],"technologies":[257],"increase":[259],"efficiency":[260],"studies.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
