{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106717194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icset51301.2020.9265370","title":"Empirical Mode Decomposition Coupled with Fast Fourier Transform based Feature Extraction Method for Motor Imagery Tasks Classification","display_name":"Empirical Mode Decomposition Coupled with Fast Fourier Transform based Feature Extraction Method for Motor Imagery Tasks Classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106717194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icset51301.2020.9265370","mag":"3106717194"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icset51301.2020.9265370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icset51301.2020.9265370","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012306666","display_name":"Md Nahidul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-0335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Nahidul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038196019","display_name":"Norizam Sulaiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0625-2327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norizam Sulaiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003668423","display_name":"Mamunur Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-6041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mamunur Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021879917","display_name":"Bifta Sama Bari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6102-1823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bifta Sama Bari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072845740","display_name":"Md Jahid Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8430-9416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Jahid Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050681822","display_name":"Mahfuzah Mustafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-7101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahfuzah Mustafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046366959","display_name":"Mohd Shawal Jadin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-7821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Shawal Jadin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6853,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68374182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.8081477880477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.8003889322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.7907598614692688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7725154161453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.7300598621368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7165615558624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6824733018875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6658722162246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5841282606124878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5461850762367249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.4731230139732361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4271260201931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39123284816741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.3434596061706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32388049364089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10170379281044006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.8081477880477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.8003889322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.7907598614692688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7725154161453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.7300598621368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7165615558624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6824733018875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6658722162246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5841282606124878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5461850762367249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.4731230139732361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4271260201931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39123284816741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.3434596061706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32388049364089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10170379281044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icset51301.2020.9265370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icset51301.2020.9265370","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7614473229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RDU180396","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323310","funder_display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323310","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W772526079","https://openalex.org/W1514455931","https://openalex.org/W1557117745","https://openalex.org/W1973232110","https://openalex.org/W1996371721","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2078159829","https://openalex.org/W2101629643","https://openalex.org/W2128909182","https://openalex.org/W2135825876","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2189177007","https://openalex.org/W2207630810","https://openalex.org/W2279986631","https://openalex.org/W2296464156","https://openalex.org/W2578579882","https://openalex.org/W2591868566","https://openalex.org/W2765247639","https://openalex.org/W2885347266","https://openalex.org/W2911969890","https://openalex.org/W2938953567","https://openalex.org/W2945001056","https://openalex.org/W2955714720","https://openalex.org/W3000463835","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W2951110009","https://openalex.org/W1513407214","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W3045772920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain-Computer":[0],"Interfaces":[1],"(BCI)":[2],"offers":[3],"a":[4,50],"robust":[5],"solution":[6],"to":[7,48,78,111,145],"the":[8,18,27,31,80,100,113,116,147,156,161,164,173],"people":[9],"with":[10,152,181],"disabilities":[11],"and":[12,21,43,74,103,128,168],"allows":[13],"for":[14],"creative":[15],"connectivity":[16],"between":[17],"user's":[19],"intention":[20],"supporting":[22],"tools.":[23],"Different":[24],"signals":[25],"from":[26,136],"human":[28],"brain,":[29],"including":[30],"motor":[32,83],"imagery,":[33],"steady-state":[34],"visual":[35],"evoked":[36],"potential,":[37],"error-related":[38],"potential":[39],"(ErrP),":[40],"motion-related":[41],"potentials":[42],"P300":[44],"have":[45,119,142],"been":[46,97,109,120,143],"employed":[47,160],"design":[49],"competent":[51],"BCI":[52,62],"system.":[53],"Motor":[54],"imagery":[55],"is":[56],"commonly":[57],"seen":[58],"in":[59],"almost":[60],"every":[61],"system":[63],"among":[64],"these":[65],"neural":[66],"signals.":[67],"This":[68],"article":[69],"has":[70,96,108],"implemented":[71],"feature":[72,75,101,105,166],"extraction":[73,102,167],"selection":[76,169],"techniques":[77,158],"classify":[79],"Electrocorticography":[81],"(ECoG)":[82],"imaging":[84],"signal.":[85],"The":[86],"empirical":[87],"mode":[88],"decomposition":[89],"(EMD)":[90],"coupled":[91],"fast":[92],"Fourier":[93],"transform":[94],"(FFT)":[95],"utilized":[98],"as":[99],"recursive":[104],"elimination":[106],"(RFE)":[107],"utilised":[110],"select":[112],"features.":[114],"Finally,":[115],"extracted":[117],"features":[118],"classified":[121],"using":[122],"K-nearest":[123],"neighbor,":[124],"support":[125],"vector":[126],"machine":[127],"linear":[129],"discriminant":[130],"analysis.":[131],"Two":[132],"classes":[133],"ECoG":[134],"data":[135],"dataset":[137],"I":[138],"(BCI":[139],"competition":[140],"III)":[141],"considered":[144],"validate":[146],"proposed":[148],"method.":[149],"In":[150],"contrast":[151],"other":[153],"state":[154],"of":[155],"art":[157],"that":[159],"same":[162],"dataset,":[163],"presented":[165],"method":[170],"significantly":[171],"improve":[172],"classification":[174],"accuracy":[175,178],"(maximum":[176],"achieved":[177],"was":[179],"95.89%":[180],"SVM).":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
