{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2781534012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2017.8234102","title":"On the time gating of SPADs in a synchronized time-gated SPAD array in Raman spectroscopy","display_name":"On the time gating of SPADs in a synchronized time-gated SPAD array in Raman spectroscopy","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2781534012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2017.8234102","mag":"2781534012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsens.2017.8234102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2017.8234102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE SENSORS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041960912","display_name":"Ilkka Nissinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8131-9766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilkka Nissinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Research Unit University of Oulu, Oulu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Research Unit University of Oulu, Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040570330","display_name":"Jan Nissinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-1370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Nissinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Research Unit University of Oulu, Oulu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Research Unit University of Oulu, Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041576376","display_name":"Juha Kostamovaara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-8951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Kostamovaara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Research Unit University of Oulu, Oulu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Research Unit University of Oulu, Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","score":0.6981761455535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.6666266918182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-photodiode","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","score":0.6112502813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biasing","display_name":"Biasing","score":0.5733320116996765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.560646653175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raman-spectroscopy","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","score":0.5560085773468018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5383058786392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5271615386009216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.5225812196731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.48437628149986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrometer","display_name":"Spectrometer","score":0.46982336044311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-diode","display_name":"Avalanche diode","score":0.4543225169181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geiger-counter","display_name":"Geiger counter","score":0.4529626667499542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23153480887413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.21123957633972168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.6981761455535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.6666266918182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.6112502813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20254490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719550","display_name":"Biasing","level":3,"score":0.5733320116996765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.560646653175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.5560085773468018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5383058786392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5271615386009216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5225812196731567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.48437628149986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33390570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188463","display_name":"Spectrometer","level":2,"score":0.46982336044311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95341827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175898","display_name":"Avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.4543225169181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88033656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48171","display_name":"Geiger counter","level":2,"score":0.4529626667499542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23153480887413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.21123957633972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119321828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267190","display_name":"Breakdown voltage","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icsens.2017.8234102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2017.8234102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE SENSORS","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe201801172102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe201801172102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980867351","https://openalex.org/W2016221080","https://openalex.org/W2069202528","https://openalex.org/W2105971789","https://openalex.org/W2145376870","https://openalex.org/W2161265472","https://openalex.org/W2206354132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324745772","https://openalex.org/W2010143962","https://openalex.org/W2189181247","https://openalex.org/W1522581945","https://openalex.org/W3156845399","https://openalex.org/W2041021839","https://openalex.org/W1989987871","https://openalex.org/W2035885782","https://openalex.org/W2317801534","https://openalex.org/W2051523801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,29,81],"effect":[1],"of":[2,5,8,18,114],"the":[3,6,16,55,64,77,90,96,111,115],"timing":[4,92,101],"biasing":[7,98],"a":[9,19,34,39,71],"single":[10],"photon":[11],"avalanche":[12],"diode":[13],"(SPAD)":[14],"on":[15],"accuracy":[17,102],"time-gated":[20,35],"SPAD":[21,42],"array":[22,43],"has":[23],"been":[24],"studied":[25],"in":[26,33],"this":[27],"work.":[28],"measurement":[30],"was":[31],"realized":[32],"Raman":[36,60],"spectrometer":[37],"utilizing":[38],"16\u00d7256":[40],"CMOS":[41],"with":[44,70],"on-chip":[45],"time":[46],"gating":[47],"electronics.":[48],"SPADs":[49],"have":[50],"to":[51,66,75,89],"be":[52,107],"biased":[53],"into":[54],"Geiger-mode":[56],"just":[57],"before":[58],"arriving":[59],"scattered":[61],"photons":[62],"from":[63],"sample":[65],"achieve":[67],"synchronous":[68],"measurements":[69],"pulsed":[72],"laser,":[73],"and":[74,103],"minimize":[76],"dark":[78],"count":[79],"noise.":[80],"practical":[82],"realization":[83],"is,":[84],"however,":[85],"not":[86],"straight-forward":[87],"due":[88],"strict":[91],"requirements":[93],"(~50ps).":[94],"With":[95],"shown":[97],"arrangement":[99],"high":[100],"low":[104],"noise":[105],"can":[106],"achieved":[108],"without":[109],"sacrificing":[110],"fill":[112],"factor":[113],"detector":[116],"array.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}