{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4231241365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227211","title":"A systematic study of automated program repair: Fixing 55 out of 105 bugs for $8 each","display_name":"A systematic study of automated program repair: Fixing 55 out of 105 bugs for $8 each","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4231241365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icse.2012.6227211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032356672","display_name":"Claire Le Goues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3931-060X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Le Goues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010354166","display_name":"Michael Dewey-Vogt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Dewey-Vogt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114376382","display_name":"Stephanie Forrest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-1646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Forrest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083601969","display_name":"Westley Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Westley Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":322,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7948880791664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7412699460983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7322322130203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6584524512290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.6534066200256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.6157022714614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.5749586224555969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-lines-of-code","display_name":"Source lines of code","score":0.5423458814620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5051062703132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48212099075317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.4114747941493988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.3720213770866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3695170283317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.29660195112228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.27987366914749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2556034326553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15956830978393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.14852872490882874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7948880791664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7412699460983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7322322130203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6584524512290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.6534066200256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.6157022714614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.5749586224555969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.5423458814620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5051062703132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48212099075317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.4114747941493988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3720213770866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3695170283317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.29660195112228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.27987366914749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2556034326553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15956830978393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.14852872490882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icse.2012.6227211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310598","display_name":"Amazon Web Services","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130558454","https://openalex.org/W184219092","https://openalex.org/W206265171","https://openalex.org/W1506510492","https://openalex.org/W1537098769","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1714109750","https://openalex.org/W1974514467","https://openalex.org/W1993131108","https://openalex.org/W2028967922","https://openalex.org/W2039465812","https://openalex.org/W2063171995","https://openalex.org/W2079317829","https://openalex.org/W2091543666","https://openalex.org/W2097174997","https://openalex.org/W2099866050","https://openalex.org/W2101645128","https://openalex.org/W2101819268","https://openalex.org/W2105899810","https://openalex.org/W2106683494","https://openalex.org/W2114334695","https://openalex.org/W2121898351","https://openalex.org/W2122947685","https://openalex.org/W2126071695","https://openalex.org/W2139410856","https://openalex.org/W2146111965","https://openalex.org/W2146136779","https://openalex.org/W2151497118","https://openalex.org/W2153869077","https://openalex.org/W2156728410","https://openalex.org/W2962708851","https://openalex.org/W4210712189","https://openalex.org/W4232512250","https://openalex.org/W4233319527","https://openalex.org/W4235180834","https://openalex.org/W6607567296","https://openalex.org/W6608438711","https://openalex.org/W6629367084","https://openalex.org/W6630436094","https://openalex.org/W6683225304","https://openalex.org/W6929791901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598160211","https://openalex.org/W2546522537","https://openalex.org/W2067499928","https://openalex.org/W1524028411","https://openalex.org/W2138059712","https://openalex.org/W2018145554","https://openalex.org/W2127248783","https://openalex.org/W4256285596","https://openalex.org/W1793348505","https://openalex.org/W2939724256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1],"more":[2,79],"bugs":[3,22],"in":[4,51,161,189],"real-world":[5],"programs":[6,74,118],"than":[7,158],"human":[8],"programmers":[9],"can":[10,23],"realistically":[11],"address.":[12],"This":[13],"paper":[14],"evaluates":[15],"two":[16,153],"research":[17],"questions:":[18],"\u201cWhat":[19],"fraction":[20],"of":[21,123,134,147,155,163],"be":[24,181],"repaired":[25],"automatically?\u201d":[26,37],"and":[27,75,96,125,150,192],"\u201cHow":[28],"much":[29],"does":[30],"it":[31,69],"cost":[32,94],"to":[33,48,65,70,72,90,104,180],"repair":[34,49,187],"a":[35,99,185],"bug":[36],"In":[38],"previous":[39,159],"work,":[40],"we":[41],"presented":[42],"GenProg,":[43],"which":[44],"uses":[45],"genetic":[46],"programming":[47],"defects":[50,114],"off-the-shelf":[52],"C":[53],"programs.":[54],"To":[55,138],"answer":[56],"these":[57],"questions,":[58],"we:":[59],"(1)":[60],"propose":[61],"novel":[62],"algorithmic":[63],"improvements":[64],"GenProg":[66,111,130],"that":[67],"allow":[68,176],"scale":[71],"large":[73],"find":[76],"repairs":[77,132],"68%":[78],"often,":[80],"(2)":[81],"exploit":[82],"GenProg's":[83],"inherent":[84],"parallelism":[85],"using":[86],"cloud":[87,173],"computing":[88,174],"resources":[89],"provide":[91],"grounded,":[92],"human-competitive":[93],"measurements,":[95],"(3)":[97],"generate":[98],"large,":[100],"indicative":[101],"benchmark":[102],"set":[103],"use":[105],"for":[106,183],"systematic":[107],"evaluations.":[108],"We":[109],"evaluate":[110],"on":[112,195],"105":[113,136,178],"from":[115],"8":[116],"open-source":[117],"totaling":[119],"5.1":[120],"million":[121],"lines":[122],"code":[124,164],"involving":[126],"10,193":[127],"test":[128,166],"cases.":[129],"automatically":[131],"55":[133],"those":[135],"defects.":[137],"our":[139,177],"knowledge,":[140],"this":[141],"evaluation":[142],"is":[143,151],"the":[144],"largest":[145],"available":[146],"its":[148],"kind,":[149],"often":[152],"orders":[154],"magnitude":[156],"larger":[157],"work":[160],"terms":[162],"or":[165,169],"suite":[167],"size":[168],"defect":[170],"count.":[171],"Public":[172],"prices":[175],"runs":[179],"reproduced":[182],"$403;":[184],"successful":[186],"completes":[188],"96":[190],"minutes":[191],"costs":[193],"$7.32,":[194],"average.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}