{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3140054544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227169","title":"Reducing confounding bias in predicate-level statistical debugging metrics","display_name":"Reducing confounding bias in predicate-level statistical debugging metrics","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3140054544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227169","mag":"3140054544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icse.2012.6227169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227169","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026324363","display_name":"Ross Gore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-6146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ross Gore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058202573","display_name":"Paul F. Reynolds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-0167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul F. Reynolds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87193327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"463","last_page":"473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.818387508392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.7011786103248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predicate","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","score":0.5928180813789368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.5716384053230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-inference","display_name":"Statistical inference","score":0.5327337384223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.49869513511657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.48854050040245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4866202771663666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","score":0.41276732087135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.28881722688674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28024423122406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2577473521232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20410171151161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07396358251571655}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.818387508392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.7011786103248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140146324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144319","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.5928180813789368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.5716384053230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.5327337384223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.49869513511657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.48854050040245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4866202771663666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.41276732087135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.28881722688674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28024423122406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2577473521232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20410171151161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07396358251571655}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icse.2012.6227169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227169","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575308494","https://openalex.org/W1968847337","https://openalex.org/W2010825534","https://openalex.org/W2018856334","https://openalex.org/W2030978593","https://openalex.org/W2036196659","https://openalex.org/W2041671556","https://openalex.org/W2067436653","https://openalex.org/W2101819268","https://openalex.org/W2107089133","https://openalex.org/W2144344516","https://openalex.org/W2145064897","https://openalex.org/W2146747981","https://openalex.org/W2147407733","https://openalex.org/W2153418968","https://openalex.org/W2155479707","https://openalex.org/W2156357889","https://openalex.org/W2159949130","https://openalex.org/W2162376048","https://openalex.org/W2172154252","https://openalex.org/W4241319329","https://openalex.org/W4256251415","https://openalex.org/W4299515571","https://openalex.org/W6610773549","https://openalex.org/W6676011693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321442002","https://openalex.org/W1936221070","https://openalex.org/W2480874422","https://openalex.org/W2953905390","https://openalex.org/W2148385623","https://openalex.org/W2542556882","https://openalex.org/W2150156711","https://openalex.org/W4225755453","https://openalex.org/W2748822022","https://openalex.org/W4283789559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Statistical":[0],"debuggers":[1,62],"use":[2],"data":[3,30],"collected":[4],"during":[5],"test":[6],"case":[7],"execution":[8],"to":[9,24],"automatically":[10],"identify":[11],"the":[12,108],"location":[13],"of":[14,110,113,127],"faults":[15],"within":[16,94],"software.":[17],"Recent":[18],"work":[19],"has":[20],"applied":[21,58],"causal":[22,55],"inference":[23,56],"eliminate":[25,120],"or":[26,71,84,121],"reduce":[27,122],"control":[28,86],"and":[29,63,89],"flow":[31,87,91],"dependence":[32,88],"confounding":[33,92,128],"bias":[34,93],"in":[35,59],"statement-level":[36],"statistical":[37,61,96,115],"debuggers.":[38,97],"The":[39],"result":[40],"is":[41,45],"improved":[42],"effectiveness.":[43],"This":[44],"encouraging":[46],"but":[47],"motivates":[48],"two":[49],"novel":[50],"questions:":[51],"(1)":[52],"how":[53],"can":[54,68],"be":[57,69],"predicate-level":[60,95,114],"(2)":[64],"what":[65],"other":[66],"biases":[67],"eliminated":[70],"reduced.":[72],"Here":[73],"we":[74],"address":[75],"both":[76],"questions":[77],"by":[78],"providing":[79],"a":[80,111,124],"model":[81,105],"that":[82,103,119],"eliminates":[83],"reduces":[85],"failure":[90],"We":[98],"present":[99],"empirical":[100],"results":[101],"demonstrating":[102],"our":[104],"significantly":[106],"improves":[107],"effectiveness":[109],"variety":[112],"debuggers,":[116],"including":[117],"those":[118],"only":[123],"single":[125],"source":[126],"bias.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}