{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3148345308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227132","title":"Automated oracle creation support, or: How I learned to stop worrying about fault propagation and love mutation testing","display_name":"Automated oracle creation support, or: How I learned to stop worrying about fault propagation and love mutation testing","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3148345308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227132","mag":"3148345308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icse.2012.6227132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227132","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008490992","display_name":"Matt Staats","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matt Staats","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Web Science & Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Web Science & Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082659908","display_name":"Gregory Gay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-9585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Gay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110505437","display_name":"Mats P. E. Heimdahl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mats P. E. Heimdahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008490992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99122971,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"870","last_page":"880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.9188148975372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7290942668914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.6148760318756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.49763086438179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.47134682536125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.45417308807373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.44313913583755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box-testing","display_name":"Black-box testing","score":0.42334580421447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.42173951864242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-data","display_name":"Test data","score":0.4190114736557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.37027987837791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2967977523803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2960769534111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2894778251647949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2722327411174774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1614113450050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14962610602378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.11870548129081726}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.9188148975372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7290942668914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.6148760318756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.49763086438179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.47134682536125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45417308807373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.44313913583755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24169984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879969","display_name":"Black-box testing","level":5,"score":0.42334580421447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42173951864242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.4190114736557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.37027987837791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2967977523803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2960769534111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2894778251647949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2722327411174774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1614113450050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14962610602378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.11870548129081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icse.2012.6227132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2012.6227132","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1798822627","display_name":"CPS: Medium: Embedded Fault Detection for Low-Cost, Safety-Critical  Systems","funder_award_id":"0931931","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1912469952","display_name":"CPS: Large: Assuring the Safety, Security and Reliability of Medical Device Cyber Physical Systems","funder_award_id":"1035715","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4071842969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1035715","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5387689063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R31-30007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5458877899","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R31-30007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6012535679","display_name":"SHF: Small: In Vivo Software Monitoring: Architectural and Compiler Support","funder_award_id":"0916583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7265297449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNA06CB21A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7609230754","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-0931931","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7630411954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0916583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332374","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32887977","https://openalex.org/W1996574389","https://openalex.org/W2013711971","https://openalex.org/W2049695835","https://openalex.org/W2055647675","https://openalex.org/W2077258409","https://openalex.org/W2103275664","https://openalex.org/W2106860490","https://openalex.org/W2107751709","https://openalex.org/W2115136809","https://openalex.org/W2121750555","https://openalex.org/W2134825350","https://openalex.org/W2135841285","https://openalex.org/W2136043644","https://openalex.org/W2138612284","https://openalex.org/W2143251912","https://openalex.org/W2145867204","https://openalex.org/W2157054705","https://openalex.org/W2159181605","https://openalex.org/W2172253171","https://openalex.org/W2502764805","https://openalex.org/W2601354821","https://openalex.org/W4206455946","https://openalex.org/W4246219036","https://openalex.org/W4254394310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903974375","https://openalex.org/W4307077653","https://openalex.org/W1521494223","https://openalex.org/W2810804488","https://openalex.org/W2381711745","https://openalex.org/W2126627822","https://openalex.org/W2037199616","https://openalex.org/W4283069769","https://openalex.org/W15487430","https://openalex.org/W4381929787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,51],"testing,":[1],"the":[2,6,25,28,33,39,67,71,89,104,107],"test":[3,14,20,42,60,82],"oracle":[4,21,49,61,68,108,128],"is":[5,86],"artifact":[7],"that":[8,37,116],"determines":[9],"whether":[10],"an":[11],"application":[12],"under":[13],"executes":[15],"correctly.":[16],"The":[17],"choice":[18],"of":[19,27,35,41,58,73,91,99,106,139],"can":[22],"significantly":[23],"impact":[24],"effectiveness":[26],"testing":[29,77],"process.":[30],"However,":[31],"despite":[32],"prevalence":[34],"tools":[36],"support":[38],"selection":[40,105],"inputs,":[43],"little":[44],"work":[45],"exists":[46],"for":[47,79,124],"supporting":[48,59],"creation.":[50,62],"this":[52],"work,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"a":[56,121],"method":[57,64,118],"This":[63,84],"automatically":[65],"selects":[66],"data":[69],"\u2014":[70,78],"set":[72],"variables":[74,96],"monitored":[75],"during":[76],"expected":[80],"value":[81],"oracles.":[83],"approach":[85,123],"based":[87],"on":[88],"use":[90],"mutation":[92],"analysis":[93],"to":[94,141],"rank":[95],"in":[97],"terms":[98],"fault-finding":[100],"effectiveness,":[101],"thus":[102],"automating":[103],"data.":[109],"Experiments":[110],"over":[111,134],"four":[112],"industrial":[113,136],"examples":[114],"demonstrate":[115],"our":[117],"may":[119],"be":[120],"cost-effective":[122],"producing":[125],"small,":[126],"effective":[127],"data,":[129],"with":[130],"fault":[131],"finding":[132],"improvements":[133],"current":[135],"best":[137],"practice":[138],"up":[140],"145.8%":[142],"observed.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}