{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2914143214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icrc.2018.8638590","title":"Neural Network Activation Functions with Electro-Optic Absorption Modulators","display_name":"Neural Network Activation Functions with Electro-Optic Absorption Modulators","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2914143214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icrc.2018.8638590","mag":"2914143214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icrc.2018.8638590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icrc.2018.8638590","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Rebooting Computing (ICRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013099424","display_name":"Jonathan George","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5374-6960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan George","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014196859","display_name":"Armin Mehrabian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-9387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Mehrabian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047383444","display_name":"Rubab Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4783-3080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rubab Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038830874","display_name":"Paul R. Prucnal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul R. Prucnal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001914825","display_name":"Tarek El\u2010Ghazawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9687-7939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek El-Ghazawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053069725","display_name":"Volker J. Sorger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5152-4766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volker J. Sorger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013099424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74466258,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodiode","display_name":"Photodiode","score":0.5940605401992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-power","display_name":"Optical power","score":0.4625391960144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.4288446009159088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4179896116256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41623786091804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4084756076335907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4037998914718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3898860812187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3852423131465912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3141685128211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.20210665464401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15275496244430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10808536410331726}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.5940605401992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.4625391960144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.4288446009159088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4179896116256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41623786091804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4084756076335907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4037998914718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3898860812187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3852423131465912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3141685128211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.20210665464401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15275496244430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10808536410331726}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icrc.2018.8638590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icrc.2018.8638590","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Rebooting Computing (ICRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051270432","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2405601855","https://openalex.org/W2431812545","https://openalex.org/W2523090265","https://openalex.org/W2749253093","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2763259630","https://openalex.org/W2765683943","https://openalex.org/W2771044871","https://openalex.org/W2771158988","https://openalex.org/W2783936842","https://openalex.org/W3103448394","https://openalex.org/W3105010617","https://openalex.org/W3105065665","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6745360901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2563516733","https://openalex.org/W2802960535","https://openalex.org/W2008389839","https://openalex.org/W2130987662","https://openalex.org/W3105489360","https://openalex.org/W2061319838","https://openalex.org/W4385315643","https://openalex.org/W3011602681","https://openalex.org/W3119698559","https://openalex.org/W2757117655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0,17],"networks":[1,169],"require":[2],"both":[3,27],"a":[4,9,56,83,126,140],"weighting":[5,19],"of":[6,64,136,159,163],"inputs":[7],"and":[8,29,94,107,146,151,166],"nonlinear":[10],"activation":[11,89],"function":[12],"operating":[13,71,161],"on":[14,125],"their":[15],"sum.":[16],"network":[18,129],"has":[20],"been":[21],"demonstrated":[22],"in":[23,37,70],"integrated":[24],"photonics":[25],"with":[26,75,130,134],"interferometric":[28],"ring-based":[30],"wavelength":[31],"division":[32],"multiplexing.":[33],"While":[34],"direct":[35],"nonlinearity":[36,49],"optics":[38],"is":[39],"difficult":[40],"to":[41,58,102],"achieve":[42],"without":[43],"high":[44],"optical":[45,165],"powers,":[46],"an":[47,120],"electro-optic":[48,59,97,113,171],"can":[50],"be":[51],"created":[52,91],"by":[53,92],"directly":[54,65],"coupling":[55,66],"photodiode":[57],"modulator.":[60],"The":[61],"low":[62,77],"capacitance":[63],"the":[67,88,149],"components":[68],"results":[69],"speeds":[72],">10":[73],"GHz":[74],"relatively":[76],"power":[78,142],"consumption.":[79],"Here":[80],"we":[81],"present":[82],"closed":[84],"form":[85],"equation":[86],"for":[87,148],"functions":[90],"graphene":[93],"quantum":[95],"well":[96],"absorption":[98],"modulators":[99],"capacitively":[100],"coupled":[101],"photodiodes.":[103],"Our":[104,155],"modulator-geometry":[105],"based":[106],"thermal-noise":[108],"analysis":[109],"shows":[110],"that":[111],"such":[112],"neurons":[114],"produce":[115],"SNRs":[116],"around":[117,144],"60.":[118],"Performing":[119],"MNIST":[121],"classification":[122],"inference":[123],"test":[124],"feed-forward":[127],"neural":[128,168],"these":[131],"electrooptic":[132],"nodes,":[133],"accuracies":[135],"about":[137],"95%":[138],"starting":[139],"laser":[141],"level":[143],"5mW":[145],"20mW":[147],"QW":[150],"Graphene-based":[152],"modulator,":[153],"respectively.":[154],"findings":[156],"show":[157],"regions":[158],"realistic":[160],"performance":[162],"future":[164],"photonic":[167],"using":[170],"analogue":[172],"(non-spiking)neurons.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
