{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413944814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11128767","title":"Parking-SG: Open-Vocabulary Hierarchical 3D Scene Graph Representation for Open Parking Environments","display_name":"Parking-SG: Open-Vocabulary Hierarchical 3D Scene Graph Representation for Open Parking Environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413944814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11128767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra55743.2025.11128767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11128767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100677020","display_name":"Yaowen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4218-5771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaowen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102854750","display_name":"Yuan Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7580-0676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103183691","display_name":"Miaoxin Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3386-859X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miaoxin Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101685289","display_name":"Yi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8360-2709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103345443","display_name":"Mengyin Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyin Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7291","last_page":"7297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7297413945198059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6037901639938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4851416051387787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.44680866599082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4255213141441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37977614998817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.18609926104545593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7297413945198059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6037901639938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4851416051387787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.44680866599082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4255213141441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37977614998817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.18609926104545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra55743.2025.11128767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11128767","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148412784","https://openalex.org/W2296228853","https://openalex.org/W2965287913","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2990129662","https://openalex.org/W3043971245","https://openalex.org/W3046173266","https://openalex.org/W3089352835","https://openalex.org/W3107579852","https://openalex.org/W3131641033","https://openalex.org/W3134304825","https://openalex.org/W4308079959","https://openalex.org/W4321255792","https://openalex.org/W4385431115","https://openalex.org/W4387624032","https://openalex.org/W4391996968","https://openalex.org/W4392866655","https://openalex.org/W4401414715","https://openalex.org/W4401415207","https://openalex.org/W4401415891","https://openalex.org/W4401691722","https://openalex.org/W4402354022","https://openalex.org/W4404525393","https://openalex.org/W4404612589","https://openalex.org/W4404612908","https://openalex.org/W4405317817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"Valet":[1],"Parking":[2],"(AVP)":[3],"has":[4],"garnered":[5],"significant":[6],"attention":[7],"from":[8],"industry":[9],"and":[10,22,46,74,88,99,117,137,149,154],"academia":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,16,121,143],"its":[14,141],"potential":[15],"enhance":[17],"traffic":[18],"efficiency,":[19],"parking":[20,34,40,107,152],"safety,":[21],"user":[23],"experience.":[24],"While":[25],"AVP":[26,71,129,158],"technologies":[27],"have":[28],"been":[29],"successfully":[30],"applied":[31],"in":[32,72,111,134],"standard":[33,104],"scenarios":[35],"with":[36],"clear":[37],"markings,":[38],"real-world":[39,138],"environments":[41],"are":[42,109],"far":[43],"more":[44],"diverse":[45],"complex,":[47],"posing":[48],"challenges":[49],"for":[50,91],"current":[51],"systems.":[52],"To":[53],"address":[54],"these":[55],"limitations,":[56],"we":[57,115],"present":[58],"Parking-SG,":[59],"an":[60,80],"open-vocabulary":[61,82],"hierarchical":[62,124],"3D":[63],"scene":[64],"graph":[65],"representation,":[66,126],"facilitating":[67],"the":[68],"application":[69],"of":[70],"open":[73,112],"complex":[75,128,157],"environments.":[76,113],"Our":[77],"approach":[78],"builds":[79],"object-based,":[81],"map":[83,125],"that":[84],"integrates":[85],"both":[86,135],"ground-level":[87],"ground-above":[89],"objects":[90],"comprehensive":[92],"environmental":[93,146],"understanding.":[94],"Leveraging":[95],"common":[96],"sense":[97],"reasoning":[98],"object":[100],"behavior":[101],"relationships,":[102],"various":[103],"or":[105],"non-standard":[106],"spaces":[108],"inferred":[110],"Additionally,":[114],"extract":[116],"analyze":[118],"path":[119],"topology":[120],"construct":[122],"a":[123],"supporting":[127],"tasks.":[130,159],"Parking-SG":[131],"is":[132],"validated":[133],"simulated":[136],"environments,":[139],"demonstrating":[140],"ability":[142],"generate":[144],"rich":[145],"representations,":[147],"accurately":[148],"flexibly":[150],"infer":[151],"spaces,":[153],"effectively":[155],"perform":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
