{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413925849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127625","title":"Training Human-Robot Teams by Improving Transparency Through a Virtual Spectator Interface","display_name":"Training Human-Robot Teams by Improving Transparency Through a Virtual Spectator Interface","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413925849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127625"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127625","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114738957","display_name":"Sean Dallas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean Dallas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rochester,MI,United States,48309"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rochester,MI,United States,48309","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119516871","display_name":"Hongjiao Qiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjiao Qiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,Robotics Department,Ann Arbor,MI,United States,48105"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,Robotics Department,Ann Arbor,MI,United States,48105","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Motaz AbuHijleh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Motaz AbuHijleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rochester,MI,United States,48309"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rochester,MI,United States,48309","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000372970","display_name":"Wonse Jo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6904-5878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonse Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,Robotics Department,Ann Arbor,MI,United States,48105"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,Robotics Department,Ann Arbor,MI,United States,48105","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093124846","display_name":"Kayla Riegner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304082316","display_name":"United States Department of the Army","ror":"https://ror.org/035w1gb98","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kayla Riegner","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army DEVCOM Ground Vehicle Systems Center (GVSC),United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army DEVCOM Ground Vehicle Systems Center (GVSC),United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036239586","display_name":"Jonathon M. Smereka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9262-1143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304082316","display_name":"United States Department of the Army","ror":"https://ror.org/035w1gb98","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Smereka","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army DEVCOM Ground Vehicle Systems Center (GVSC),United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army DEVCOM Ground Vehicle Systems Center (GVSC),United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084955075","display_name":"Lionel Robert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-2601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lionel Robert","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,Robotics Department,Ann Arbor,MI,United States,48105"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,Robotics Department,Ann Arbor,MI,United States,48105","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088460626","display_name":"Wing-Yue Geoffrey Louie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2742-6947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wing-Yue Louie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rochester,MI,United States,48309"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rochester,MI,United States,48309","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025730901","display_name":"Dawn M. Tilbury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-0556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawn M. Tilbury","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,Robotics Department,Ann Arbor,MI,United States,48105"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,Robotics Department,Ann Arbor,MI,United States,48105","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25414755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4294","last_page":"4300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8140000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8140000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.7818999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.7142000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6660979390144348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6474441289901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6093432307243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.590237021446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5675539374351501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.49044105410575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4816247820854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.42798078060150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3564035892486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20296847820281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1414158046245575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6660979390144348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6474441289901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6093432307243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.590237021446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5675539374351501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.49044105410575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4816247820854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.42798078060150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3564035892486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20296847820281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1414158046245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127625","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127625","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115771527","https://openalex.org/W1529880582","https://openalex.org/W2072645635","https://openalex.org/W2096555260","https://openalex.org/W2102493402","https://openalex.org/W2110017066","https://openalex.org/W2135062883","https://openalex.org/W2149095485","https://openalex.org/W2167538547","https://openalex.org/W2330646160","https://openalex.org/W2462397534","https://openalex.org/W2574287525","https://openalex.org/W2886021983","https://openalex.org/W2901906577","https://openalex.org/W2953644340","https://openalex.org/W3081859834","https://openalex.org/W3175066458","https://openalex.org/W4240970536","https://openalex.org/W4385661397","https://openalex.org/W4392108254","https://openalex.org/W4392646351","https://openalex.org/W4404587460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081288631","https://openalex.org/W3152382318","https://openalex.org/W3004686567","https://openalex.org/W2738656338","https://openalex.org/W2603787370","https://openalex.org/W2555400967","https://openalex.org/W3214759741","https://openalex.org/W3205513966","https://openalex.org/W3120459843","https://openalex.org/W4366547574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"After-action":[0],"reviews":[1],"(AARs)":[2],"are":[3],"professional":[4],"discussions":[5],"that":[6,151],"help":[7],"operators":[8],"and":[9,21,50,87,123,139],"teams":[10],"enhance":[11,83],"their":[12],"task":[13],"performance":[14,86,161],"by":[15],"analyzing":[16],"completed":[17],"missions":[18],"with":[19,129,133,168],"peers":[20],"professionals.":[22],"Previous":[23],"studies":[24],"comparing":[25],"different":[26],"formats":[27],"of":[28,39,111,147],"AARs":[29],"have":[30],"focused":[31],"mainly":[32],"on":[33],"human":[34,55],"teams.":[35,63],"However,":[36,165],"the":[37,77,109,152,166,175,179],"inclusion":[38],"robotic":[40],"teammates":[41,56],"brings":[42],"along":[43],"new":[44,71],"challenges":[45],"in":[46,91,157,174],"understanding":[47],"teammate":[48],"intent":[49],"communication.":[51],"Traditional":[52],"AAR":[53,117],"between":[54],"may":[57],"not":[58,155],"be":[59],"satisfactory":[60],"for":[61],"human-robot":[62,84],"To":[64,107],"address":[65],"this":[66],"limitation,":[67],"we":[68,113],"propose":[69],"a":[70,92,125],"training":[72],"review":[73,104],"(TR)":[74],"tool,":[75],"called":[76],"Virtual":[78],"Spectator":[79],"Interface":[80],"(VSI),":[81],"to":[82,103,118,171],"team":[85,160],"situational":[88],"awareness":[89],"(SA)":[90],"simulated":[93],"search":[94],"mission.":[95],"The":[96,145],"proposed":[97],"VSI":[98,153,169],"primarily":[99],"utilizes":[100],"visual":[101],"feedback":[102],"subjects'":[105,176],"behavior.":[106],"examine":[108],"effectiveness":[110],"VSI,":[112,135],"took":[114],"elements":[115],"from":[116],"conduct":[119],"our":[120,148],"own":[121],"TR,":[122],"designed":[124],"1$\\times":[126],"3$between-subjects":[127],"experiment":[128],"experimental":[130],"conditions:":[131],"TR":[132,167],"(1)":[134],"(2)":[136],"screen":[137],"recording,":[138],"(3)":[140],"non-technology":[141],"(only":[142],"verbal":[143],"descriptions).":[144],"results":[146],"experiments":[149],"demonstrated":[150],"did":[154],"result":[156],"significantly":[158],"better":[159],"than":[162],"other":[163,180],"conditions.":[164,181],"led":[170],"more":[172],"improvement":[173],"SA":[177],"over":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
