{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204999757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra48506.2021.9560815","title":"Robot-supervised Learning of Crop Row Segmentation","display_name":"Robot-supervised Learning of Crop Row Segmentation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204999757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra48506.2021.9560815","mag":"3204999757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra48506.2021.9560815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra48506.2021.9560815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2832146","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073329126","display_name":"Marianne Bakken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-8194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930215","display_name":"SINTEF Digital","ror":"https://ror.org/028m52w57","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879","https://openalex.org/I4387930215"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marianne Bakken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway","SINTEF Digital, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SINTEF Digital, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879","https://openalex.org/I4387930215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014414577","display_name":"Vignesh Raja Ponnambalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4937-2051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vignesh Raja Ponnambalam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081910081","display_name":"Richard J. D. Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-0308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930215","display_name":"SINTEF Digital","ror":"https://ror.org/028m52w57","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879","https://openalex.org/I4387930215"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. D. Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["SINTEF Digital, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SINTEF Digital, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879","https://openalex.org/I4387930215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014417194","display_name":"Jon Glenn Omholt Gjevestad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9650-3910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Glenn Omholt Gjevestad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059695621","display_name":"P\u00e5l Johan From","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-7555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pal Johan From","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86149427,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2185","last_page":"2191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8110416531562805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7403159141540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7093067169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.682841420173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5803348422050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5764918923377991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5551794767379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.45250001549720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.44776564836502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44162362813949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.4152897000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3409380614757538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.326493501663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11555498838424683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8110416531562805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7403159141540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7093067169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.682841420173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5803348422050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5764918923377991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5551794767379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.45250001549720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44776564836502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44162362813949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.4152897000312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3409380614757538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.326493501663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11555498838424683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra48506.2021.9560815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra48506.2021.9560815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nmbu.brage.unit.no:11250/2832146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2832146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2825354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2825354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sintef.brage.unit.no:11250/3048591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3048591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2185-2191","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:nmbu.brage.unit.no:11250/2832146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2832146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976044339","https://openalex.org/W2026133415","https://openalex.org/W2067072954","https://openalex.org/W2073083108","https://openalex.org/W2073157127","https://openalex.org/W2093020519","https://openalex.org/W2116190966","https://openalex.org/W2163450852","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2296673577","https://openalex.org/W2418106930","https://openalex.org/W2524954406","https://openalex.org/W2563914425","https://openalex.org/W2600777408","https://openalex.org/W2757153082","https://openalex.org/W2765757095","https://openalex.org/W2788239209","https://openalex.org/W2890395268","https://openalex.org/W2892071132","https://openalex.org/W2949607349","https://openalex.org/W2963678509","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2981381717","https://openalex.org/W2998087584","https://openalex.org/W2998715604","https://openalex.org/W3086862194","https://openalex.org/W3089511161","https://openalex.org/W6763281937"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2185902295","https://openalex.org/W2103507220","https://openalex.org/W3144569342","https://openalex.org/W4313052709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,51,120],"propose":[1],"an":[2,56],"approach":[3,54,131],"for":[4,11,19,47,117,132],"robot-supervised":[5],"learning":[6,133],"that":[7,42,77,107,122],"automates":[8],"label":[9],"generation":[10],"semantic":[12],"segmentation":[13,67,80,112,126],"with":[14,31,102,124],"Convolutional":[15],"Neural":[16],"Networks":[17],"(CNNs)":[18],"crop":[20,65,135],"row":[21,66,136],"detection":[22],"in":[23,58],"a":[24,27,39,59,129],"field.":[25],"Using":[26],"training":[28,123],"robot":[29],"equipped":[30],"RTK":[32],"GNSS":[33],"and":[34,62,105],"RGB":[35],"camera,":[36],"we":[37,97],"train":[38,64],"neural":[40],"network":[41],"can":[43],"later":[44],"be":[45],"used":[46],"pure":[48],"vision-based":[49,134],"navigation.":[50],"test":[52],"our":[53,103],"on":[55,110],"agri-robot":[57,104],"strawberry":[60],"field":[61,100],"successfully":[63],"without":[68],"any":[69],"hand-drawn":[70],"image":[71],"labels.":[72],"Our":[73],"main":[74],"finding":[75],"is":[76,114,128],"the":[78,83,89,111],"resulting":[79],"output":[81],"of":[82],"CNN":[84],"shows":[85],"better":[86],"performance":[87],"than":[88],"noisy":[90,125],"labels":[91,127],"it":[92],"was":[93],"trained":[94],"on.":[95],"Finally,":[96],"conduct":[98],"open-loop":[99],"trials":[101],"show":[106],"row-following":[108],"based":[109],"result":[113],"accurate":[115],"enough":[116],"closed-loop":[118],"guidance.":[119],"conclude":[121],"promising":[130],"following.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
