{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285102229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812248","title":"OpenSceneVLAD: Appearance Invariant, Open Set Scene Classification","display_name":"OpenSceneVLAD: Appearance Invariant, Open Set Scene Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285102229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812248"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607759","display_name":"2022 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103903104","display_name":"William H. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William H. B. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,Colchester,United Kingdom,CO4 3SQ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,Colchester,United Kingdom,CO4 3SQ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078340555","display_name":"Michael Milford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Milford","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology,Brisbane,QLD,Australia,4000"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology,Brisbane,QLD,Australia,4000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077992830","display_name":"Klaus D. McDonald-Maier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6412-8519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus D. McDonald-Maier","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,Colchester,United Kingdom,CO4 3SQ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,Colchester,United Kingdom,CO4 3SQ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103245109","display_name":"Shoaib Ehsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9631-1898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoaib Ehsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,Colchester,United Kingdom,CO4 3SQ"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,Colchester,United Kingdom,CO4 3SQ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020686179","display_name":"Robert B. Fisher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-9371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. B. Fisher","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh,United Kingdom,EH8 9AB"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh,United Kingdom,EH8 9AB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103903104"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2388,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56770759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4578","last_page":"4584"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.736868679523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6912602782249451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.6611150503158569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6078912019729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.5617966651916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5302851796150208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.511798083782196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-set","display_name":"Open set","score":0.5012824535369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42742472887039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4021160304546356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17704090476036072}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.736868679523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6912602782249451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.6611150503158569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6078912019729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5617966651916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5302851796150208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.511798083782196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42357961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213363","display_name":"Open set","level":2,"score":0.5012824535369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42742472887039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4021160304546356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17704090476036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607759","display_name":"2022 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.qut.edu.au:235099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402607","display_name":"QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","host_organization_name":"Queensland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2022)","raw_type":"Chapter in Book, Report or Conference volume"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/107313ed-fb5e-413f-8f95-fb151efd9613","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/107313ed-fb5e-413f-8f95-fb151efd9613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7795727766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P017487/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W300523764","https://openalex.org/W1909952827","https://openalex.org/W1969363575","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2146022472","https://openalex.org/W2281383810","https://openalex.org/W2342383553","https://openalex.org/W2475223347","https://openalex.org/W2554078916","https://openalex.org/W2580440899","https://openalex.org/W2609368314","https://openalex.org/W2620629206","https://openalex.org/W2732026016","https://openalex.org/W2755125693","https://openalex.org/W2780222614","https://openalex.org/W2780534582","https://openalex.org/W2809273606","https://openalex.org/W2895752198","https://openalex.org/W2901114541","https://openalex.org/W2921271542","https://openalex.org/W2956045289","https://openalex.org/W2959121057","https://openalex.org/W2962720468","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2963339673","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2963875483","https://openalex.org/W2964474048","https://openalex.org/W2967217719","https://openalex.org/W2973218493","https://openalex.org/W2997164612","https://openalex.org/W3000312913","https://openalex.org/W3003290274","https://openalex.org/W3010664781","https://openalex.org/W3014500303","https://openalex.org/W3019917704","https://openalex.org/W3098873762","https://openalex.org/W3104752576","https://openalex.org/W3114632476","https://openalex.org/W3123517586","https://openalex.org/W3136246337","https://openalex.org/W3173736705","https://openalex.org/W4287812705","https://openalex.org/W6638791942","https://openalex.org/W6756120173","https://openalex.org/W6776068733","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6789503006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381457774","https://openalex.org/W4313233182","https://openalex.org/W4309570356","https://openalex.org/W3034998010","https://openalex.org/W2997058137","https://openalex.org/W2355908111","https://openalex.org/W2990203421","https://openalex.org/W3104695681","https://openalex.org/W2996026940","https://openalex.org/W4225122598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scene":[0],"classification":[1,58,79,89,94,115],"is":[2],"a":[3,14,96,122],"well-established":[4],"area":[5],"of":[6,34,100,128,156],"computer":[7],"vision":[8],"research":[9],"that":[10,90],"aims":[11],"to":[12,43,53,61,69,102,111,120,130,133],"classify":[13,62],"scene":[15,50,64,78,88,93,144],"image":[16],"into":[17],"pre-defined":[18,35],"categories":[19,36],"such":[20],"as":[21,66],"playground,":[22],"beach":[23],"and":[24,55,80],"airport.":[25],"Recent":[26],"work":[27],"has":[28],"focused":[29],"on":[30,142],"increasing":[31],"the":[32,70,109],"variety":[33],"for":[37,85],"classification,":[38],"but":[39],"so":[40],"far":[41],"failed":[42],"consider":[44],"two":[45],"major":[46],"challenges:":[47],"changes":[48],"in":[49,125],"appearance":[51,86],"due":[52],"lighting":[54],"open":[56,113],"set":[57,114],"(the":[59],"ability":[60],"unknown":[63],"data":[65],"not":[67],"belonging":[68],"trained":[71],"classes).":[72],"Our":[73,104],"first":[74,110],"contribution,":[75,106],"SceneVLAD,":[76],"fuses":[77],"visual":[81,152],"place":[82],"recognition":[83],"CNNs":[84],"invariant":[87],"outperforms":[91],"state-of-the-art":[92,135],"by":[95],"mean":[97,123],"F1":[98,126],"score":[99],"up":[101,129],"0.1.":[103],"second":[105],"OpenSceneVLAD,":[107],"extends":[108],"an":[112],"scenario":[116],"using":[117,134],"intra-class":[118],"splitting":[119],"achieve":[121,139],"increase":[124],"scores":[127],"0.06":[131],"compared":[132],"openmax":[136],"layer.":[137],"We":[138],"these":[140],"results":[141],"three":[143],"class":[145],"datasets":[146],"extracted":[147],"from":[148],"large":[149],"scale":[150],"outdoor":[151],"localisation":[153],"datasets,":[154],"one":[155],"which":[157],"we":[158],"collected":[159],"ourselves.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
