{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067394659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra.2012.6224990","title":"An outdoor high-accuracy local positioning system for an autonomous robotic golf greens mower","display_name":"An outdoor high-accuracy local positioning system for an autonomous robotic golf greens mower","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067394659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra.2012.6224990","mag":"2067394659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra.2012.6224990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra.2012.6224990","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014316014","display_name":"Aaron D. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-950X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aaron D. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA","Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000466242","display_name":"Hsu-Yang Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Jacky Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA","Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035138999","display_name":"Edward Blanchard","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward J. Blanchard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA","Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precise Path Robotics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46278 USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014316014"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7365,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74670675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2633","last_page":"2639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.9157361388206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.7408345937728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tower","display_name":"Tower","score":0.6296218633651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6271083950996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5419631004333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.5222012400627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.46103620529174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4196024537086487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4092376232147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40394315123558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3980279862880707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.359197735786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34853750467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1401921510696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08947741985321045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.9157361388206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.7408345937728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777831296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12518","display_name":"Tower","level":2,"score":0.6296218633651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6271083950996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5419631004333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.5222012400627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.46103620529174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4196024537086487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4092376232147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40394315123558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3980279862880707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.359197735786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34853750467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1401921510696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08947741985321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icra.2012.6224990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra.2012.6224990","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187539745","https://openalex.org/W1996080165","https://openalex.org/W2096680898","https://openalex.org/W2109897681","https://openalex.org/W2121453698","https://openalex.org/W2148876197","https://openalex.org/W2160828984","https://openalex.org/W2171785275","https://openalex.org/W2200066188","https://openalex.org/W2507840081","https://openalex.org/W6649578192","https://openalex.org/W6687917363"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2567632598","https://openalex.org/W2106845956","https://openalex.org/W3158435160","https://openalex.org/W2112938119","https://openalex.org/W2101178385","https://openalex.org/W2790129070","https://openalex.org/W2132294172","https://openalex.org/W2277502495","https://openalex.org/W2130422012","https://openalex.org/W1643556013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,18,32,43,93,137],"high-accuracy":[4],"local":[5],"positioning":[6],"system":[7],"(LPS)":[8],"for":[9,162],"an":[10,59,145,172],"autonomous":[11],"robotic":[12,153],"greens":[13],"mower.":[14],"The":[15,35,68],"LPS":[16,37,135,158],"uses":[17],"sensor":[19,56,82,90],"tower":[20,57,91],"mounted":[21],"on":[22],"top":[23],"of":[24,70,110,140,148],"the":[25,55,66,81,86,89,106,111,115,124,134,156,166],"robot":[26,40,125],"and":[27,46,77,108,123,144,165],"four":[28],"active":[29],"beacons":[30],"surrounding":[31],"target":[33],"area.":[34],"proposed":[36,157],"concurrently":[38],"determines":[39],"location":[41],"using":[42,49],"lateration":[44],"technique":[45],"calculates":[47],"orientation":[48,126,146],"angle":[50],"measurements.":[51],"To":[52,84],"perform":[53],"localization,":[54],"emits":[58],"ultrasonic":[60],"pulse":[61],"that":[62,97,133],"is":[63,72],"received":[64,112],"by":[65,74,102],"beacons.":[67],"time":[69],"arrival":[71],"measured":[73],"each":[75,103,119],"beacon":[76,120],"transmitted":[78],"back":[79],"to":[80,118,171],"tower.":[83],"determine":[85],"robot's":[87],"orientation,":[88],"has":[92],"circular":[94],"receiver":[95],"array":[96],"detects":[98],"infrared":[99,113],"signals":[100],"emitted":[101],"beacon.":[104],"Using":[105],"direction":[107],"strength":[109],"signals,":[114],"relative":[116],"angles":[117],"are":[121,169],"obtained":[122],"can":[127],"be":[128],"determined.":[129],"Experimental":[130],"data":[131],"show":[132],"achieves":[136],"position":[138],"accuracy":[139,147],"3.1":[141],"cm":[142],"RMS,":[143],"0.23\u00b0":[149],"RMS.":[150],"Several":[151],"prototype":[152],"mowers":[154],"utilizing":[155],"have":[159],"been":[160],"deployed":[161],"field":[163],"testing,":[164],"mowing":[167],"results":[168],"comparable":[170],"experienced":[173],"professional":[174],"human":[175],"worker.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}