{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3153484310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9413292","title":"Street-Map Based Validation of Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving","display_name":"Street-Map Based Validation of Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3153484310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9413292","mag":"3153484310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9413292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9413292","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.07538","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063338076","display_name":"Laura von Rueden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7186-9753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","display_name":"Fraunhofer Society","ror":"https://ror.org/05hkkdn48","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laura von Rueden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","Fraunhofer Society"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020297205","display_name":"Tim Wirtz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Wirtz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008771687","display_name":"Fabian Hueger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319473763","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01f3bhg26","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Hueger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volkswagen Group Automation, Wolfsburg, Germany","Volkswagen Group Automation,Wolfsburg,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen Group Automation, Wolfsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen Group Automation,Wolfsburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057829024","display_name":"J\u00e1n Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-6409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319473763","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01f3bhg26","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan David Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volkswagen Group Automation, Wolfsburg, Germany","Volkswagen Group Automation,Wolfsburg,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen Group Automation, Wolfsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen Group Automation,Wolfsburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029876355","display_name":"Nico Piatkowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6334-8042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nico Piatkowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003875445","display_name":"Christian Bauckhage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6615-2128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Bauckhage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063338076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1855,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47631988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"10203","last_page":"10210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7907994389533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7316027283668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.7188608050346375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.660214900970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.6438781023025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5620255470275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5593008399009705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-validation","display_name":"Cross-validation","score":0.41679757833480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4159623384475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4116193652153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3803558647632599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7907994389533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7316027283668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.7188608050346375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.660214900970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.6438781023025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5620255470275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5593008399009705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.41679757833480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4159623384475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4116193652153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3803558647632599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9413292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9413292","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.07538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07538","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.07538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.07538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2104.07538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3153484310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.07538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.07538","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.07538","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3153484310.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3153484310.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1909315545","https://openalex.org/W1962921203","https://openalex.org/W2102104695","https://openalex.org/W2225956744","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2588289902","https://openalex.org/W2600383743","https://openalex.org/W2740379828","https://openalex.org/W2750631532","https://openalex.org/W2762439315","https://openalex.org/W2774989038","https://openalex.org/W2804860796","https://openalex.org/W2948519073","https://openalex.org/W2963107255","https://openalex.org/W2963900256","https://openalex.org/W2967222368","https://openalex.org/W2982586843","https://openalex.org/W3006087551","https://openalex.org/W3008115128","https://openalex.org/W3017343191","https://openalex.org/W3025666460","https://openalex.org/W3102370140","https://openalex.org/W4241644338","https://openalex.org/W6735443497"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3163399830","https://openalex.org/W2896014703","https://openalex.org/W2894903065","https://openalex.org/W2995312760","https://openalex.org/W2884829808","https://openalex.org/W2950202237","https://openalex.org/W3110687307","https://openalex.org/W3171740021","https://openalex.org/W3201748440","https://openalex.org/W111240979","https://openalex.org/W3210974845","https://openalex.org/W2159315053","https://openalex.org/W3106221618","https://openalex.org/W3007207144","https://openalex.org/W3159278315","https://openalex.org/W2519467423","https://openalex.org/W3098152091","https://openalex.org/W2783028038","https://openalex.org/W3015709847","https://openalex.org/W2939685229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"for":[2,111],"autonomous":[3],"driving":[4],"must":[5],"meet":[6],"strict":[7],"requirements":[8],"on":[9,121],"safety":[10],"and":[11,30,35,67],"robustness,":[12],"which":[13],"motivates":[14],"the":[15,69,89,98,112,122],"thorough":[16],"validation":[17,23,50,78,90,128],"of":[18,71],"learned":[19],"models.":[20],"However,":[21],"current":[22],"approaches":[24],"mostly":[25],"require":[26],"ground":[27],"truth":[28],"data":[29],"are":[31],"thus":[32],"both":[33],"cost-intensive":[34],"limited":[36],"in":[37,134],"their":[38],"applicability.":[39],"We":[40,76],"propose":[41],"to":[42,62,96],"overcome":[43],"these":[44],"limitations":[45],"by":[46],"a":[47,94,104],"model":[48],"agnostic":[49],"using":[51,74],"a-priori":[52],"knowledge":[53],"from":[54],"street":[55],"maps.":[56],"In":[57],"particular,":[58],"we":[59,92,117],"show":[60],"how":[61],"validate":[63],"semantic":[64,135],"segmentation":[65,136],"masks":[66],"demonstrate":[68],"potential":[70],"our":[72,127],"approach":[73,129],"OpenStreetMap.":[75],"introduce":[77],"metrics":[79],"that":[80,103,126],"indicate":[81],"false":[82],"positive":[83],"or":[84],"negative":[85],"road":[86],"segments.":[87],"Besides":[88],"approach,":[91],"present":[93,118],"method":[95],"correct":[97],"vehicle's":[99],"GPS":[100],"position":[101],"so":[102],"more":[105],"accurate":[106],"localization":[107],"can":[108,130],"be":[109],"used":[110],"street-map":[113],"based":[114],"validation.":[115],"Lastly,":[116],"quantitative":[119],"results":[120],"Cityscapes":[123],"dataset":[124],"indicating":[125],"indeed":[131],"uncover":[132],"errors":[133],"masks.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-21T08:13:44.787528","created_date":"2022-07-25T00:00:00"}