{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016806697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412711","title":"Video Face Manipulation Detection Through Ensemble of CNNs","display_name":"Video Face Manipulation Detection Through Ensemble of CNNs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016806697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412711","mag":"3016806697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.07676","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046125100","display_name":"Nicol\u00f2 Bonettini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7500-8512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicolo Bonettini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016239082","display_name":"Edoardo Daniele Cannas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2011-7295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Daniele Cannas","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043644234","display_name":"Sara Mandelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3811-003X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Mandelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061125165","display_name":"Luca Bondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3974-7542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Bondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051370303","display_name":"Paolo Bestagini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0406-0222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Bestagini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005378965","display_name":"Stefano Tubaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1990-9869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Tubaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046125100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.24882854,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88947008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5012","last_page":"5019"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8071621656417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.7441284656524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7412109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.671115517616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6490081548690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4892852008342743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.4468539357185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37996283173561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3607434630393982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3063333034515381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8071621656417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.7441284656524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7412109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.671115517616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6490081548690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4892852008342743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.4468539357185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37996283173561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3607434630393982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3063333034515381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2004.07676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.07676","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.07676","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.07676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2004.07676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3016806697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2004.07676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.07676","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.07676","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1975517671","https://openalex.org/W1993996076","https://openalex.org/W2013576116","https://openalex.org/W2016828421","https://openalex.org/W2046686077","https://openalex.org/W2054754893","https://openalex.org/W2106609510","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2329434622","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2486034530","https://openalex.org/W2598783175","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2806379360","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2904573504","https://openalex.org/W2911424785","https://openalex.org/W2912336782","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2914447220","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W2953335716","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2962134292","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963495494","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2978310319","https://openalex.org/W2979980060","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2983078099","https://openalex.org/W3034530968","https://openalex.org/W3083246145","https://openalex.org/W3099319035","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6756046522","https://openalex.org/W6757599822","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6764542186","https://openalex.org/W6765401191","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6785062762"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158766194","https://openalex.org/W3034785167","https://openalex.org/W3188337069","https://openalex.org/W2945262873","https://openalex.org/W3110310448","https://openalex.org/W2943073958","https://openalex.org/W3014750960","https://openalex.org/W2989480786","https://openalex.org/W2794857359","https://openalex.org/W3086552465","https://openalex.org/W3138202081","https://openalex.org/W3160833014","https://openalex.org/W3080624961","https://openalex.org/W3110828385","https://openalex.org/W3179082249","https://openalex.org/W2902962850","https://openalex.org/W3094477634","https://openalex.org/W3135772578","https://openalex.org/W3027628515","https://openalex.org/W3022565119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,99,118,132],"the":[1,20,47,104,122,133],"last":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"several":[5],"techniques":[6],"for":[7],"facial":[8,115],"manipulation":[9,108,116,169],"in":[10,34,52,88,110],"videos":[11],"have":[12,60],"been":[13,86],"successfully":[14],"developed":[15],"and":[16,41],"made":[17],"available":[18,175],"to":[19,30,166],"masses":[21],"(i.e.,":[22,145],"FaceSwap,":[23],"deepfake,":[24],"etc.).":[25],"These":[26],"methods":[27],"enable":[28],"anyone":[29],"easily":[31],"edit":[32],"faces":[33],"video":[35,90,111],"sequences":[36,112],"with":[37,177],"incredibly":[38],"realistic":[39],"results":[40,171],"a":[42,61,83,89,94,142],"very":[43],"little":[44],"effort.":[45],"Despite":[46],"usefulness":[48],"of":[49,79,96,106,124,149],"these":[50,163],"tools":[51],"many":[53],"fields,":[54],"if":[55],"used":[56],"maliciously,":[57],"they":[58],"can":[59],"significantly":[62],"bad":[63],"impact":[64],"on":[65,172],"society":[66],"(e.g.,":[67],"fake":[68,74],"news":[69],"spreading,":[70],"cyber":[71],"bullying":[72],"through":[73],"revenge":[75],"porn).":[76],"The":[77],"ability":[78],"objectively":[80],"detecting":[81],"whether":[82],"face":[84,107,168],"has":[85],"manipulated":[87],"sequence":[91],"is":[92],"then":[93],"task":[95],"utmost":[97],"importance.":[98],"this":[100],"paper,":[101],"we":[102,120],"tackle":[103],"problem":[105],"detection":[109,170],"targeting":[113],"modern":[114],"techniques.":[117],"particular,":[119],"study":[121],"ensembling":[123],"different":[125,136,151],"trained":[126],"Convolutional":[127],"Neural":[128],"Network":[129],"(CNN)":[130],"models.":[131],"proposed":[134],"solution,":[135],"models":[137],"are":[138],"obtained":[139],"starting":[140],"from":[141],"base":[143],"network":[144],"EfficientNetB4)":[146],"making":[147],"use":[148],"two":[150,173],"concepts:":[152],"(i)":[153],"attention":[154],"layers;":[155],"(ii)":[156],"siamese":[157],"training.":[158],"We":[159],"show":[160],"that":[161],"combining":[162],"networks":[164],"leads":[165],"promising":[167],"publicly":[174],"datasets":[176],"more":[178],"than":[179],"119000":[180],"videos.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
