{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160084620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412508","title":"Revisiting the Training of Very Deep Neural Networks without Skip Connections","display_name":"Revisiting the Training of Very Deep Neural Networks without Skip Connections","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160084620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412508","mag":"3160084620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412508","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/44674","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025028067","display_name":"Oyebade K. Oyedotun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4652-1691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oyebade K. Oyedotun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079812103","display_name":"Abd El Rahman Shabayek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8730-3765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abd El Rahman Shabayek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083368272","display_name":"Djamila Aouada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-2064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Djamila Aouada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080037825","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Ottersten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-6774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bjorn Ottersten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025028067"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47129074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2724","last_page":"2731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.7527695894241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6890369653701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.576208770275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5358108282089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.45300403237342834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42674148082733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3370756506919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07485371828079224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.7527695894241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6890369653701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.576208770275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5358108282089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.45300403237342834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42674148082733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3370756506919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07485371828079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412508","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/44674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/44674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/44674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/44674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1132272340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R-AGR-0424-05-D/Bjorn Ottersten,CPPPI7/IS/11643091/IDform/Aouada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","funder_display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191001584","https://openalex.org/W1026270304","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1799366690","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2017387343","https://openalex.org/W2089947415","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2125911849","https://openalex.org/W2168894214","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2331143823","https://openalex.org/W2524563019","https://openalex.org/W2541674938","https://openalex.org/W2561907692","https://openalex.org/W2591954064","https://openalex.org/W2620983607","https://openalex.org/W2753753246","https://openalex.org/W2772798650","https://openalex.org/W2788545320","https://openalex.org/W2800780290","https://openalex.org/W2905699847","https://openalex.org/W2950621961","https://openalex.org/W2952626150","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963103976","https://openalex.org/W2963285578","https://openalex.org/W2963382180","https://openalex.org/W2963410064","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964065616","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W6626481562","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6684665197","https://openalex.org/W6685562342","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6701947533","https://openalex.org/W6725739302","https://openalex.org/W6729059855","https://openalex.org/W6730741096","https://openalex.org/W6734171162","https://openalex.org/W6752356114","https://openalex.org/W6757554992","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W7064683377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4377865163","https://openalex.org/W3193857078","https://openalex.org/W2888956734","https://openalex.org/W3000197790","https://openalex.org/W4315865067","https://openalex.org/W2979433843","https://openalex.org/W3208304128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(DNNs)":[3],"with":[4],"many":[5],"layers":[6,165],"of":[7,51,60,93,104,129,151,159],"feature":[8],"representations":[9],"yield":[10],"state-of-the-art":[11],"results":[12],"on":[13],"several":[14],"difficult":[15],"learning":[16],"tasks.":[17],"However,":[18],"optimizing":[19],"very":[20,52,109,130],"deep":[21,53,110,131],"DNNs":[22],"without":[23],"shortcut":[24],"connections":[25],"known":[26],"as":[27],"PlainNets,":[28],"is":[29,74,166],"a":[30,148],"notoriously":[31],"hard":[32],"problem.":[33],"Considering":[34],"the":[35,49,56,68,89,101,105,116,126,142,156],"growing":[36],"interest":[37],"in":[38,76,78,96],"this":[39,41,79,98],"area,":[40],"paper":[42,99],"investigates":[43],"holistically":[44],"two":[45],"scenarios":[46],"that":[47,86,115,136,154],"plague":[48],"training":[50,128,158],"PlainNets:":[54],"(1)":[55],"relatively":[57],"popular":[58],"challenge":[59],"`vanishing":[61],"and":[62,66,91,147],"exploding":[63],"units'":[64,94],"activations',":[65],"(2)":[67],"less":[69],"investigated":[70],"`singularity'":[71],"problem,":[72],"which":[73],"studied":[75],"details":[77],"paper.":[80],"In":[81],"contrast":[82],"to":[83,121,163],"earlier":[84],"works":[85],"study":[87],"only":[88],"saturation":[90],"explosion":[92],"activations":[95],"isolation,":[97],"harmonizes":[100],"inconspicuous":[102],"coexistence":[103],"aforementioned":[106,117],"problems":[107,118],"for":[108,125,140],"PlainNets.":[111,132],"Particularly,":[112],"we":[113],"argue":[114],"would":[119],"have":[120],"be":[122,138],"tackled":[123],"simultaneously":[124],"successful":[127,157],"Finally,":[133],"different":[134],"techniques":[135,153],"can":[137],"employed":[139],"tackling":[141],"optimization":[143],"problem":[144],"are":[145],"discussed,":[146],"specific":[149],"combination":[150],"simple":[152],"allows":[155],"PlainNets":[160],"having":[161],"up":[162],"100":[164],"demonstrated.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}