{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3043224321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412392","title":"Watch Your Strokes: Improving Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutions","display_name":"Watch Your Strokes: Improving Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3043224321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412392","mag":"3043224321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412392","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412392","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1204119","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006809191","display_name":"Iulian Cojocaru","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iulian Cojocaru","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Modena and Reggio Emilia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041010671","display_name":"Silvia Cascianelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7885-6050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Cascianelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Modena and Reggio Emilia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048928616","display_name":"Lorenzo Baraldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-4957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Baraldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Modena and Reggio Emilia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000357955","display_name":"Massimiliano Corsini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0543-1638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimiliano Corsini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Modena and Reggio Emilia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030948871","display_name":"Rita Cucchiara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-283X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rita Cucchiara","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Modena and Reggio Emilia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006809191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.874,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74743526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6096","last_page":"6103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8093212842941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.6949232816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.6871381402015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6789321899414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5654451847076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5603010654449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5443910360336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5119720697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.48978686332702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.47721797227859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45411279797554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-recognition","display_name":"Text recognition","score":0.4297794699668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4232287108898163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.41844138503074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3810439109802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.27527108788490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2391238808631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09191825985908508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8093212842941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.6949232816696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.6871381402015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6789321899414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5654451847076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5603010654449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5443910360336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5119720697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.48978686332702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.47721797227859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45411279797554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983812711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Text recognition","level":3,"score":0.4297794699668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4232287108898163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.41844138503074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3810439109802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27527108788490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2391238808631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09191825985908508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412392","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412392","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1204119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1204119","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1204119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:iris________::54e208e5cc9f83835713d2399cc0f1a9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1204119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1204119","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1204119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3806251357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"505.18.8b del 18/10/2018 - Pratica Sime n.2018.0390","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309721","funder_display_name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Pisa"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309721","display_name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnab13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3043224321.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3043224321.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591184081","https://openalex.org/W603908379","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1970809167","https://openalex.org/W1998318956","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133552271","https://openalex.org/W2136297401","https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2170942820","https://openalex.org/W2194187530","https://openalex.org/W2481930807","https://openalex.org/W2573601984","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2607687507","https://openalex.org/W2609955731","https://openalex.org/W2785820430","https://openalex.org/W2786429113","https://openalex.org/W2786974559","https://openalex.org/W2798258579","https://openalex.org/W2895359355","https://openalex.org/W2903561088","https://openalex.org/W2904152324","https://openalex.org/W2905624702","https://openalex.org/W2949758301","https://openalex.org/W2952170192","https://openalex.org/W2962707697","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963299454","https://openalex.org/W2963925710","https://openalex.org/W2964081096","https://openalex.org/W2964099383","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964325005","https://openalex.org/W2999778248","https://openalex.org/W3003335109","https://openalex.org/W3004377989","https://openalex.org/W3106437163","https://openalex.org/W4289751412","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6704241340","https://openalex.org/W6721872216","https://openalex.org/W6753558063","https://openalex.org/W6755046023","https://openalex.org/W6756864269","https://openalex.org/W6764623398","https://openalex.org/W6773066478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W4386858688","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3034421924","https://openalex.org/W2982536526","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2744690920","https://openalex.org/W4380302312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Handwritten":[0],"Text":[1],"Recognition":[2],"(HTR)":[3],"in":[4,22,52,61,93],"free-layout":[5],"pages":[6],"is":[7,51,82,160],"a":[8,39,161],"valuable":[9],"yet":[10],"challenging":[11],"task":[12],"which":[13,62],"aims":[14],"to":[15,86,124,136],"automatically":[16],"understand":[17],"handwritten":[18,59,99,171],"texts.":[19],"State-of-the-art":[20],"approaches":[21],"this":[23,50,118],"field":[24],"usually":[25],"encode":[26],"input":[27,46],"images":[28],"with":[29,54],"Convolutional":[30],"Neural":[31],"Networks,":[32],"whose":[33],"kernels":[34],"are":[35,71],"typically":[36],"defined":[37],"on":[38,44,147],"fixed":[40],"grid":[41],"and":[42,96,130,139,150],"focus":[43],"all":[45],"pixels":[47,64],"independently.":[48],"However,":[49],"contrast":[53],"the":[55,66,69,74,78,90,107,125,128,143,148,155,165],"sparse":[56],"nature":[57],"of":[58,68,98,109,117,120,127,142,157,167],"pages,":[60],"only":[63],"representing":[65],"ink":[67],"writing":[70],"useful":[72],"for":[73,112,164,170],"recognition":[75],"task.":[76],"Furthermore,":[77],"standard":[79],"convolution":[80,121],"operator":[81],"not":[83],"explicitly":[84],"designed":[85],"take":[87],"into":[88],"account":[89],"great":[91],"variability":[92],"shape,":[94],"scale,":[95],"orientation":[97],"characters.":[100],"To":[101],"overcome":[102],"these":[103],"limitations,":[104],"we":[105],"investigate":[106],"use":[108,156],"deformable":[110,158],"convolutions":[111,159],"handwriting":[113],"recognition.":[114,173],"The":[115],"kernel":[116],"type":[119],"deforms":[122],"according":[123],"content":[126],"neighborhood,":[129],"can":[131],"therefore":[132],"be":[133],"more":[134],"adaptable":[135],"geometric":[137],"variations":[138],"other":[140],"deformations":[141],"text.":[144],"Experiments":[145],"conducted":[146],"IAM":[149],"RIMES":[151],"datasets":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"that":[154],"promising":[162],"direction":[163],"design":[166],"novel":[168],"architectures":[169],"text":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}