{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2902726851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8545814","title":"Anchor Free Network for Multi-Scale Face Detection","display_name":"Anchor Free Network for Multi-Scale Face Detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2902726851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8545814","mag":"2902726851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2018.8545814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8545814","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015476490","display_name":"Chengji Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-8892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengji Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072443458","display_name":"Zhiming Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3411-9582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiming Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postdoc Center of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postdoc Center of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041698837","display_name":"Sheng Lian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081767617","display_name":"Shaozi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5403-9945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaozi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015476490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2089,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56905432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1554","last_page":"1559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8328851461410522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.7358094453811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.6559978723526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6323643922805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6317176818847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6227322816848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5128257870674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5054206848144531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.49648839235305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4357559084892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4059511423110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3820653557777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36549586057662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34782761335372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2524128556251526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8328851461410522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.7358094453811646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.6559978723526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6323643922805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6317176818847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6227322816848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5128257870674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5054206848144531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.49648839235305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4357559084892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4059511423110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3820653557777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36549586057662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34782761335372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2524128556251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2018.8545814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8545814","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182571476","https://openalex.org/W204612701","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849007038","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1927959341","https://openalex.org/W1934410531","https://openalex.org/W1970456555","https://openalex.org/W2041497292","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2056025798","https://openalex.org/W2099355420","https://openalex.org/W2129987527","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2209882149","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2432917172","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2578555672","https://openalex.org/W2579152745","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2623177501","https://openalex.org/W2778476852","https://openalex.org/W2962933856","https://openalex.org/W2963011882","https://openalex.org/W2963307811","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2963721882","https://openalex.org/W2964010755","https://openalex.org/W2964095005","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964209717","https://openalex.org/W2964325361","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3098090606","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6608207920","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6638943231","https://openalex.org/W6660695881","https://openalex.org/W6662335928","https://openalex.org/W6674902714","https://openalex.org/W6743555153","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W4390524233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anchor-based":[0],"deep":[1],"methods":[2,8,21,33,59],"are":[3,53],"the":[4,15,24,35,39,61,82,110,129,137,151,162],"most":[5],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"for":[9,104],"face":[10,46],"detection":[11,77],"and":[12,112],"have":[13],"reached":[14],"state-of-the-art":[16],"result.":[17],"Compared":[18],"with":[19,150],"anchor-based":[20],"that":[22],"estimates":[23],"bounding-box":[25],"rely":[26],"on":[27,157],"some":[28],"pre-defined":[29],"anchor":[30],"boxes,":[31],"anchor-free":[32,58,102],"perform":[34],"localization":[36],"by":[37,108],"predicting":[38],"offsets":[40],"of":[41,63,78,116,164],"a":[42,45,100,122,141],"pixel":[43],"inside":[44],"to":[47,75,94,127,148],"its":[48],"outside":[49],"boundaries":[50],"whose":[51],"accuracies":[52],"much":[54],"more":[55],"precise.":[56],"However,":[57],"suffer":[60],"drawback":[62],"low":[64],"recall-rate":[65],"mainly":[66],"because":[67],"1)":[68],"only":[69],"using":[70],"single":[71],"scale":[72,123],"features":[73],"lead":[74],"miss":[76],"small":[79],"faces,":[80],"2)":[81],"highly":[83],"intra-class":[84,130],"imbalance":[85,131,153],"problem":[86],"among":[87],"different":[88],"size":[89],"faces.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"address":[95],"these":[96],"problems,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"unified":[101],"network":[103],"detecting":[105],"multi-scale":[106],"faces":[107],"leveraging":[109],"local":[111],"global":[113],"contextual":[114],"information":[115],"multi-layer":[117],"features.":[118],"We":[119],"also":[120],"utilize":[121],"aware":[124],"sampling":[125],"strategy":[126],"mitigate":[128],"issue":[132],"which":[133],"can":[134],"adaptivity":[135],"select":[136],"positive":[138],"samples.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"revised":[142],"focal":[143],"loss":[144],"function":[145],"is":[146],"adopted":[147],"deal":[149],"foreground/background":[152],"issue.":[154],"Experimental":[155],"results":[156],"two":[158],"benchmark":[159],"datasets":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"effective":[163],"our":[165],"proposed":[166],"method.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-07T06:11:34.122080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
