{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2808077606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8545324","title":"Deep Spatiotemporal Representation of the Face for Automatic Pain Intensity Estimation","display_name":"Deep Spatiotemporal Representation of the Face for Automatic Pain Intensity Estimation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2808077606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8545324","mag":"2808077606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2018.8545324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8545324","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.06793","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046099149","display_name":"Mohammad Tavakolian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3004-8809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Tavakolian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013928164","display_name":"Abdenour Hadid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdenour Hadid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"350","last_page":"354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7148557305335999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7016382217407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6078752279281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6007959842681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5983204245567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.5758870840072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5431373119354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.541481077671051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4912359118461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4796460270881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.47624874114990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4189673662185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1665421426296234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09006437659263611}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7148557305335999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7016382217407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6078752279281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6007959842681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5983204245567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.5758870840072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5431373119354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.541481077671051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4912359118461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4796460270881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47624874114990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4189673662185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1665421426296234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09006437659263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2018.8545324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2018.8545324","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1806.06793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.06793","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.06793","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2808077606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.06793.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1806.06793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.06793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1806.06793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.06793","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.06793","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W1996711760","https://openalex.org/W2000613743","https://openalex.org/W2066642295","https://openalex.org/W2082970080","https://openalex.org/W2098615198","https://openalex.org/W2101545465","https://openalex.org/W2106043670","https://openalex.org/W2156303437","https://openalex.org/W2190635018","https://openalex.org/W2399874331","https://openalex.org/W2469434562","https://openalex.org/W2587128043","https://openalex.org/W2754635925","https://openalex.org/W2951650375","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2963630024","https://openalex.org/W2964191259","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W6629436941","https://openalex.org/W6635331662","https://openalex.org/W6682864246","https://openalex.org/W6684148418","https://openalex.org/W6712687155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963079348","https://openalex.org/W2179228901","https://openalex.org/W2743060918","https://openalex.org/W2902537851","https://openalex.org/W2809341429","https://openalex.org/W2822550769","https://openalex.org/W2806234218","https://openalex.org/W2808875037","https://openalex.org/W2807930328","https://openalex.org/W2982949428","https://openalex.org/W1982368100","https://openalex.org/W2608130734","https://openalex.org/W3011674515","https://openalex.org/W2944459812","https://openalex.org/W2015593599","https://openalex.org/W2903046186","https://openalex.org/W2902566903","https://openalex.org/W1486156117","https://openalex.org/W2734358371","https://openalex.org/W2591911264"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"pain":[1,37,146],"intensity":[2,38,147],"assessment":[3,39],"has":[4],"a":[5,32,51,74,79,111,137],"high":[6],"value":[7],"in":[8,101,136,144],"disease":[9],"diagnosis":[10],"applications.":[11],"Inspired":[12],"by":[13,65],"the":[14,102,106,118,123,142],"fact":[15],"that":[16,131],"many":[17],"diseases":[18],"and":[19,42,92],"brain":[20],"disorders":[21],"can":[22],"interrupt":[23],"normal":[24],"facial":[25,44,57],"expression":[26],"formation,":[27],"we":[28,49],"aim":[29],"to":[30,108,141],"develop":[31],"computational":[33],"model":[34,62,107,134],"for":[35,55],"automatic":[36,145],"from":[40],"spontaneous":[41],"micro":[43],"variations.":[45],"For":[46],"this":[47],"purpose,":[48],"propose":[50],"3D":[52,75,85],"deep":[53],"architecture":[54,104],"dynamic":[56],"video":[58],"representation.":[59],"The":[60],"proposed":[61,103,133],"is":[63],"built":[64],"stacking":[66],"several":[67,83],"convolutional":[68,86],"modules":[69],"where":[70],"each":[71],"module":[72],"encompasses":[73],"convolution":[76],"kernel":[77],"with":[78,88],"fixed":[80],"temporal":[81,90,99],"depth,":[82],"parallel":[84],"kernels":[87],"different":[89],"depths,":[91],"an":[93],"average":[94],"pooling":[95],"layer.":[96],"Deploying":[97],"variable":[98],"depths":[100],"allows":[105],"effectively":[109],"capture":[110],"wide":[112],"range":[113],"of":[114],"spatiotemporal":[115],"variations":[116],"on":[117,122],"faces.":[119],"Extensive":[120],"experiments":[121],"UNBC-McMaster":[124],"Shoulder":[125],"Pain":[126],"Expression":[127],"Archive":[128],"database":[129],"show":[130],"our":[132],"yields":[135],"promising":[138],"performance":[139],"compared":[140],"state-of-the-art":[143],"estimation.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}