{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2610104114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2016.7900273","title":"Rotation-free online handwritten character recognition using dyadic path signature features, hanging normalization, and deep neural network","display_name":"Rotation-free online handwritten character recognition using dyadic path signature features, hanging normalization, and deep neural network","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2610104114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2016.7900273","mag":"2610104114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2016.7900273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2016.7900273","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071177749","display_name":"Weixin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6028-3597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080674767","display_name":"Lianwen Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-0957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianwen Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029516423","display_name":"Hao Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-4376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033716148","display_name":"Terry Lyons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9972-2809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terry Lyons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8889218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4083","last_page":"4088"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6964644193649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6859596967697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.68148273229599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6519962549209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.643549382686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5593814849853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5541073679924011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5099421739578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.47012031078338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.4447847306728363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4160492420196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.0671033263206482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6964644193649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6859596967697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.68148273229599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6519962549209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.643549382686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5593814849853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5541073679924011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5099421739578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.47012031078338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.4447847306728363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4160492420196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0671033263206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2016.7900273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2016.7900273","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:dd1ec888-c558-4385-8f48-4efcb867b682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dd1ec888-c558-4385-8f48-4efcb867b682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W242877468","https://openalex.org/W616109306","https://openalex.org/W1899985242","https://openalex.org/W1904365287","https://openalex.org/W1978964824","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2004095444","https://openalex.org/W2006553025","https://openalex.org/W2057404371","https://openalex.org/W2096969571","https://openalex.org/W2119305530","https://openalex.org/W2123119958","https://openalex.org/W2133463914","https://openalex.org/W2137849729","https://openalex.org/W2143246460","https://openalex.org/W2158505079","https://openalex.org/W2170950399","https://openalex.org/W3123691155","https://openalex.org/W3146797348","https://openalex.org/W6678074473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907538284","https://openalex.org/W2462298708","https://openalex.org/W2294301082","https://openalex.org/W4309724674","https://openalex.org/W1718106556","https://openalex.org/W2125213899","https://openalex.org/W2157565995","https://openalex.org/W2103880345","https://openalex.org/W2064825394","https://openalex.org/W2000233888"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"path":[1,54,60],"signature":[2,55,61],"feature":[3,62],"(PSF)":[4],"which":[5],"was":[6],"initially":[7],"introduced":[8],"in":[9,37],"rough":[10],"paths":[11],"theory":[12],"as":[13,90],"a":[14,38,51,70],"branch":[15],"of":[16,27,34,53,102],"stochastic":[17],"analysis,":[18],"has":[19],"recently":[20],"been":[21],"successfully":[22],"applied":[23],"to":[24,64,73,98,105],"the":[25,58,67,75,85,100,103,119],"field":[26],"pattern":[28],"recognition":[29,80],"for":[30,132],"extracting":[31],"sufficient":[32],"quantity":[33],"information":[35],"contained":[36],"finite":[39],"trajectory,":[40],"but":[41],"with":[42,123],"potentially":[43],"high":[44],"dimension.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"variation":[52],"representation,":[56],"namely":[57],"dyadic":[59],"(D-PSF),":[63],"fully":[65],"characterize":[66],"trajectory":[68],"using":[69],"hierarchical":[71],"structure":[72],"solve":[74],"rotation-free":[76],"online":[77],"handwritten":[78],"character":[79],"(OLHCR)":[81],"problem.":[82],"We":[83],"adopt":[84],"deep":[86],"neural":[87],"network":[88],"(DNN)":[89],"classifier,":[91],"and":[92,114,126],"investigate":[93],"three":[94],"hanging":[95,124],"normalization":[96,125],"methods":[97],"improve":[99],"robustness":[101],"DNN":[104],"rotational":[106],"distortions.":[107],"Extensive":[108],"experiments":[109],"on":[110],"digits,":[111],"English":[112],"letters,":[113],"Chinese":[115],"radicals":[116],"demonstrated":[117],"that":[118],"proposed":[120],"D-PSF,":[121],"jointly":[122],"DNN,":[127],"achieved":[128],"very":[129],"promising":[130],"results":[131],"rotated":[133],"OLHCR,":[134],"significantly":[135],"outperforming":[136],"previous":[137],"methods.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}