{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146756969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761856","title":"An evaluation of bi-modal facial appearance+facial expression face biometrics","display_name":"An evaluation of bi-modal facial appearance+facial expression face biometrics","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146756969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761856","mag":"2146756969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2008.4761856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916651","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"1041-3278","issn":["1041-3278","1051-4651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110243564","display_name":"Pohsiang Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pohsiang Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","University of Technology, Sydney, NSW"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, NSW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066672790","display_name":"Tich Phuoc Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3026-0351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tich Phuoc Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","University of Technology, Sydney, NSW"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, NSW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109850603","display_name":"Tom Hintz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Hintz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","University of Technology, Sydney, NSW"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, NSW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048239546","display_name":"Tony Jan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-8978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","University of Technology, Sydney, NSW"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney, NSW","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110243564"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4315,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53533191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.825852632522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6511974334716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6420461535453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.6197279691696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5932049751281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4459562301635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4230368733406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.41688984632492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3885178864002228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33775174617767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2629861831665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.05241912603378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.04755851626396179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.825852632522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6511974334716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6420461535453796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.6197279691696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5932049751281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4459562301635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4230368733406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.41688984632492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3885178864002228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33775174617767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2629861831665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.05241912603378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.04755851626396179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2008.4761856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916651","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"1041-3278","issn":["1041-3278","1051-4651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/10936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/10936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11068947","https://openalex.org/W1489362913","https://openalex.org/W1515034693","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1805888261","https://openalex.org/W2047836041","https://openalex.org/W2088900896","https://openalex.org/W2102052448","https://openalex.org/W2107369107","https://openalex.org/W2108239416","https://openalex.org/W2120526922","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2136461127","https://openalex.org/W2169403998","https://openalex.org/W2337287328","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W3016988317","https://openalex.org/W4388297464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W4300873085","https://openalex.org/W3147744369","https://openalex.org/W4241440711","https://openalex.org/W2062586268","https://openalex.org/W2019582947","https://openalex.org/W2381300099","https://openalex.org/W2642127892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3],"framework":[4],"that":[5,74],"employs":[6],"the":[7,43,53,59,76,80,87,95,101,106],"Fisher":[8],"linear":[9],"discriminant":[10,63,91],"model":[11],"(FLDM)":[12],"and":[13,20,62,83,90,93],"classifier":[14],"(FLDC)":[15],"on":[16],"integrated":[17,77],"facial":[18,21,81,84],"appearance":[19,82],"expression":[22],"features.":[23,51,119],"The":[24,35],"principal":[25],"component":[26],"analysis":[27],"(PCA)":[28],"is":[29,39,55],"firstly":[30],"applied":[31,41],"for":[32,57,66,111],"dimensionality":[33],"reduction.":[34],"normalized":[36],"fusion":[37],"method":[38,108],"then":[40],"to":[42],"reduced":[44],"lower":[45],"dimensional":[46],"subspaces":[47],"of":[48,79],"these":[49],"two":[50],"Finally,":[52],"FLDM":[54],"used":[56],"generalizing":[58],"most":[60,88],"expressive":[61,89],"feature":[64],"space":[65],"enhancing":[67],"better":[68],"generalization":[69],"performance.":[70],"Experimental":[71],"results":[72],"show":[73],"1)":[75],"features":[78],"expressions":[85],"carry":[86],"information":[92],"2)":[94],"intra-personal":[96],"variation,":[97],"indeed,":[98],"can":[99],"assist":[100],"extra-personal":[102],"separation.":[103],"In":[104],"particular,":[105],"proposed":[107],"achieves":[109],"100%":[110],"our":[112],"database":[113],"recognition":[114],"accuracy":[115],"using":[116],"only":[117],"9":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
