{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2153219261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761826","title":"Radical based fine trajectory HMMs of online handwritten characters","display_name":"Radical based fine trajectory HMMs of online handwritten characters","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2153219261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761826","mag":"2153219261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2008.4761826","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916651","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"1041-3278","issn":["1041-3278","1051-4651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014911461","display_name":"Peng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5926-3548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019785137","display_name":"Lei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8331-7200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065394791","display_name":"Frank K. Soong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-3577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank K. Soong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014911461"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4316,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54229122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8728816509246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.7928823828697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.7490807771682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7219741344451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6830748319625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6017100811004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5463247895240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5013387203216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4907737672328949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4666678011417389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.41580575704574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.41134271025657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.24034148454666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1735791265964508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.07958793640136719}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8728816509246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.7928823828697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.7490807771682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7219741344451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6830748319625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6017100811004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5463247895240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5013387203216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4907737672328949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4666678011417389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.41580575704574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.41134271025657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.24034148454666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1735791265964508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.07958793640136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2008.4761826","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916651","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"1041-3278","issn":["1041-3278","1051-4651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.214.301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.301","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://figment.cse.usf.edu/~sfefilat/data/papers/WeBCT8.2.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512429158","https://openalex.org/W1934873741","https://openalex.org/W2016185147","https://openalex.org/W2055075080","https://openalex.org/W2074893211","https://openalex.org/W2115675483","https://openalex.org/W2154920538","https://openalex.org/W6630838124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2744690920","https://openalex.org/W2787081548","https://openalex.org/W183832189","https://openalex.org/W2536878212","https://openalex.org/W1644732402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,15],"study":[1],"models":[2,23,106],"that":[3,36,89],"characterize":[4],"pen":[5],"trajectories":[6],"of":[7,56],"online":[8],"handwritten":[9],"characters":[10],"in":[11],"a":[12,32,82],"fine":[13,19,64,105],"manner.":[14],"propose":[16],"radical":[17,62],"based":[18,63],"trajectory":[20,65],"hidden":[21],"Markov":[22],"(HMMs),":[24],"which":[25],"adopt":[26],"radicals":[27],"as":[28],"basic":[29],"units,":[30],"and":[31,54,74,103],"multi-path":[33],"HMM":[34],"topology":[35],"emits":[37],"observations":[38],"with":[39,71,91],"multi-space":[40],"distributions":[41],"(MSD)":[42],"is":[43],"built":[44],"for":[45,81],"each":[46],"radical.":[47],"Meanwhile,":[48],"various":[49],"stroke":[50],"orders,":[51],"writing":[52],"styles":[53],"realness":[55],"sub-strokes":[57],"are":[58],"reasonably":[59],"modeled.":[60],"The":[61],"HMMs":[66],"lead":[67],"to":[68],"handwriting":[69,84],"recognition":[70,98],"effective":[72],"prediction,":[73],"their":[75],"generative":[76],"nature":[77],"can":[78,100,107],"be":[79,101],"utilized":[80],"novel":[83],"synthesis":[85],"framework.":[86],"Experimental":[87],"show":[88],"along":[90],"the":[92,104],"model":[93],"precision":[94],"increasing,":[95],"about":[96],"50%":[97],"error":[99],"reduced,":[102],"generate":[108],"decent":[109],"character":[110],"samples.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}