{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135176316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761366","title":"Bag-of-visual-words models for adult image classification and filtering","display_name":"Bag-of-visual-words models for adult image classification and filtering","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135176316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761366","mag":"2135176316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2008.4761366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916651","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"1041-3278","issn":["1041-3278","1051-4651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009225557","display_name":"Thomas Deselaers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Deselaers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition","Computer Science Dept., RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076349799","display_name":"Lexi Pimenidis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lexi Pimenidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security and Privacy Research Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","Human Language Technol. & Pattern Recognition, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Privacy Research Computer Science Department, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technol. & Pattern Recognition, RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112501010","display_name":"Hermann Ney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Ney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition","Computer Science Dept., RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":178,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7848449945449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7157952785491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6781708598136902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6016374230384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.578790009021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5713929533958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5583559274673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","score":0.5088510513305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.503039538860321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45184871554374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model-in-computer-vision","display_name":"Bag-of-words model in computer vision","score":0.4384240508079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42688193917274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-word","display_name":"Visual Word","score":0.41875147819519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36444705724716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.2845187485218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0761040449142456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7848449945449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7157952785491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6781708598136902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6016374230384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.578790009021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5713929533958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5583559274673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13672336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3460803","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","level":2,"score":0.5088510513305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.503039538860321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45184871554374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167611913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884747","display_name":"Bag-of-words model in computer vision","level":5,"score":0.4384240508079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42688193917274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189391414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936579","display_name":"Visual Word","level":4,"score":0.41875147819519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36444705724716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.2845187485218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0761040449142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2008.4761366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2008.4761366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393916651","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"1041-3278","issn":["1041-3278","1051-4651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.214.1811","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.1811","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://figment.cse.usf.edu/~sfefilat/data/papers/ThCT1.4.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.307.2858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.307.2858","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://thomas.deselaers.de/publications/papers/deselaers_icpr08_porn.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:125776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/125776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"19th International Conference on Pattern Recognition : ICPR 2008 ; Tampa, Florida, USA, 8 - 11 December 2008 / [IAPR, International Association for Pattern Recognition]<br/>19. International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2008, Tampa, FL, USA, 2008-12-08 - 2008-12-11","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176192998","https://openalex.org/W1515999713","https://openalex.org/W1563720727","https://openalex.org/W1587328194","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1922617770","https://openalex.org/W2096948306","https://openalex.org/W2107034620","https://openalex.org/W2111560940","https://openalex.org/W2118743891","https://openalex.org/W2127744755","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153746365","https://openalex.org/W2161597143","https://openalex.org/W2171839786","https://openalex.org/W6607261241","https://openalex.org/W6633498957","https://openalex.org/W6674609035","https://openalex.org/W6676491359"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1615295117","https://openalex.org/W2158102958","https://openalex.org/W2277784908","https://openalex.org/W2938717424","https://openalex.org/W2045213079","https://openalex.org/W2035094092","https://openalex.org/W3003905580","https://openalex.org/W2179703327","https://openalex.org/W2587721114","https://openalex.org/W2518262377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1,81],"a":[2,15,70,89],"method":[3,72],"to":[4,13],"classify":[5],"images":[6,20,104],"into":[7],"different":[8,25,106],"categories":[9],"of":[10,36,63,102,132],"pornographic":[11,19],"content":[12],"create":[14],"system":[16,79],"for":[17,27,60,73],"filtering":[18],"from":[21,105],"network":[22],"traffic.":[23],"Although":[24],"systems":[26,38,116],"this":[28,86,118],"application":[29],"were":[30],"presented":[31],"in":[32,53,58],"the":[33,54,61,129,133],"past,":[34],"most":[35],"these":[37],"are":[39,69],"based":[40,84],"on":[41,85,98,117,123],"simple":[42],"skin":[43],"colour":[44],"features":[45],"and":[46,93,96,120],"have":[47,65],"rather":[48],"poor":[49],"performance.":[50],"Recent":[51],"advances":[52],"image":[55,75,100],"recognition":[56],"field":[57],"particular":[59],"classification":[62,76],"objects":[64],"shown":[66,110],"that":[67,111],"bag-of-visual-words-approaches":[68],"good":[71,130],"many":[74],"problems.":[77],"The":[78],"we":[80],"here,":[82],"is":[83,94,109],"approach,":[87],"uses":[88],"task-specific":[90],"visual":[91],"vocabulary":[92],"trained":[95],"evaluated":[97],"an":[99],"database":[101],"8500":[103],"categories.":[107],"It":[108],"it":[112],"clearly":[113],"outperforms":[114],"earlier":[115],"dataset":[119],"further":[121],"evaluation":[122],"two":[124],"novel":[125],"web-traffic":[126],"collections":[127],"shows":[128],"performance":[131],"proposed":[134],"system.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
