{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4251617133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334556","title":"Expectation-maximization for a linear combination of Gaussians","display_name":"Expectation-maximization for a linear combination of Gaussians","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4251617133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114377140","display_name":"Georgy Gimel\u2019farb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2120-9391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Gimel'farb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Comput. Sci., Auckland Univ., New Zealand","Computer Science Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Auckland Univ., New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111890834","display_name":"A.A. Farag","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.A. Farag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075057705","display_name":"Ayman El\u2010Baz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-1323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. El-Baz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1404,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88737015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"422","last_page":"425 Vol.3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.7435013055801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.5914398431777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.5619314312934875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47402507066726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.46217790246009827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4613203704357147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","score":0.4450480341911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4324902892112732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4206565320491791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.41286972165107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37900978326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.28389886021614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23302221298217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.2076270878314972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.7435013055801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5914398431777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.5619314312934875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47402507066726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.46217790246009827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4613203704357147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4450480341911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4324902892112732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4206565320491791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41286972165107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37900978326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.28389886021614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23302221298217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.2076270878314972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335369","display_name":"Marsden Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639801547","https://openalex.org/W1966502880","https://openalex.org/W1972544340","https://openalex.org/W1981367467","https://openalex.org/W1985690171","https://openalex.org/W1993472818","https://openalex.org/W2070898270","https://openalex.org/W2093851108","https://openalex.org/W2117853077","https://openalex.org/W2143956139","https://openalex.org/W4230946174","https://openalex.org/W7048738093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2473373438","https://openalex.org/W2368486525","https://openalex.org/W2077224612","https://openalex.org/W2153481672","https://openalex.org/W2153238387","https://openalex.org/W4312864369","https://openalex.org/W84255947","https://openalex.org/W2014842417","https://openalex.org/W2502114474","https://openalex.org/W2061347451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,17,38],"modified":[3],"expectation-maximization":[4],"algorithm":[5],"that":[6],"approximates":[7,32],"an":[8],"empirical":[9],"probability":[10],"density":[11],"function":[12],"of":[13,20,41],"scalar":[14],"data":[15],"with":[16],"linear":[18],"combination":[19],"Gaussians":[21],"(LCG).":[22],"Due":[23],"to":[24],"both":[25],"positive":[26,43],"and":[27],"negative":[28],"components,":[29],"the":[30,52],"LCG":[31],"inter-class":[33],"transitions":[34],"more":[35,57],"accurately":[36],"than":[37],"conventional":[39],"mixture":[40],"only":[42],"Gaussians.":[44],"Experiments":[45],"in":[46,56],"segmenting":[47],"multi-modal":[48],"medical":[49],"images":[50],"show":[51],"proposed":[53],"LCG-approximation":[54],"results":[55],"adequate":[58],"region":[59],"borders.":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}