{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4235795612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334490","title":"Recognition of expression variant faces using weighted subspaces","display_name":"Recognition of expression variant faces using weighted subspaces","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4235795612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100661535","display_name":"Yongbin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-721X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ohio State Uinversity, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ohio State Uinversity, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058055331","display_name":"A.M. Martinez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.M. Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ohio State Uinversity, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ohio State Uinversity, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7135,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68913536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":null,"first_page":"149","last_page":"152 Vol.3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.8102331161499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-subspace","display_name":"Linear subspace","score":0.7273561358451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7107606530189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7023109793663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.6925233602523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6304765343666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5779341459274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5435417294502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5137304067611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canonical-correlation","display_name":"Canonical correlation","score":0.49686959385871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.4951757490634918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4844779670238495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4568827748298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45366954803466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-subspace-method","display_name":"Random subspace method","score":0.44474703073501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.4445483088493347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4329507648944855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4313593804836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3396628797054291}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.8102331161499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12362212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728435","display_name":"Linear subspace","level":2,"score":0.7273561358451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7107606530189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7023109793663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.6925233602523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6304765343666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5779341459274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5435417294502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5137304067611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153874254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115542","display_name":"Canonical correlation","level":2,"score":0.49686959385871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4951757490634918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4844779670238495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4568827748298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45366954803466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.44474703073501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4445483088493347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4329507648944855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4313593804836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3396628797054291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489504112","https://openalex.org/W2017115857","https://openalex.org/W2025301573","https://openalex.org/W2052570068","https://openalex.org/W2100315781","https://openalex.org/W2101055828","https://openalex.org/W2107369107","https://openalex.org/W2108384452","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2129150631","https://openalex.org/W2130259898","https://openalex.org/W2131273085","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2144143728","https://openalex.org/W2166125343","https://openalex.org/W6635552349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391321755","https://openalex.org/W1565185441","https://openalex.org/W2949110394","https://openalex.org/W2896134808","https://openalex.org/W4289378085","https://openalex.org/W2071055957","https://openalex.org/W4211228991","https://openalex.org/W2353790329","https://openalex.org/W2094490861","https://openalex.org/W2026584557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,120],"the":[1,25,29,60,64,69,74,79,82,85,102,108,129,132,135,142,151,155,160,167,175,180,195,225,233],"past":[2],"decade":[3],"or":[4],"so,":[5],"subspace":[6,197],"methods":[7,94],"have":[8],"been":[9],"largely":[10],"used":[11],"in":[12,36,63,68,84],"face":[13,37,133],"recognition":[14,38],"-":[15,114],"generally":[16,23],"with":[17,217],"quite":[18],"success.":[19],"Subspace":[20,93],"approaches,":[21],"however,":[22],"assume":[24],"training":[26,45,65,111,136,161],"data":[27],"represents":[28],"full":[30],"spectrum":[31],"of":[32,81,110,131,159,174,187,220,227],"image":[33,66,71],"variations.":[34],"Unfortunately,":[35],"applications":[39],"one":[40,126],"usually":[41],"has":[42],"an":[43],"under-represented":[44],"set.":[46],"A":[47],"known":[48,221],"example":[49],"is":[50,76,105],"that":[51],"posed":[52],"by":[53,194],"images":[54,112],"bearing":[55],"different":[56],"expressions;":[57],"i.e.,":[58],"where":[59],"facial":[61,87,152],"expressions":[62,88],"and":[67,137,157,170,207,223],"testing":[70,138,156],"diverge.":[72],"If":[73],"goal":[75],"to":[77,116,140,179],"recognize":[78],"identity":[80],"person":[83],"picture,":[86],"are":[89],"seen":[90],"as":[91],"distracters.":[92],"do":[95],"not":[96],"address":[97],"this":[98,121,164],"problem":[99],"successfully,":[100],"because":[101],"feature-space":[103],"learned":[104],"dependent":[106],"over":[107,232],"set":[109],"available":[113],"leading":[115],"poor":[117],"generalization":[118],"results.":[119],"communication,":[122],"we":[123,149],"show":[124,184,224],"how":[125],"can":[127],"use":[128],"deformation":[130,153],"(between":[134],"images)":[139],"solve":[141],"above":[143],"defined":[144],"problem.":[145],"To":[146],"achieve":[147],"this,":[148],"calculate":[150],"between":[154],"each":[158,173],"images,":[162],"project":[163],"result":[165],"onto":[166],"(learned)":[168],"subspace,":[169],"there":[171],"weight":[172],"features":[176],"(dimensions)":[177],"inverse-proportionally":[178],"estimated":[181],"deformation.":[182],"We":[183,212],"experimental":[185],"results":[186,216],"our":[188,228],"approach":[189],"on":[190],"those":[191],"representations":[192],"given":[193],"following":[196],"techniques:":[198],"principal":[199],"components":[200,204],"analysis":[201,205,210],"(PCA),":[202],"independent":[203],"(ICA)":[206],"linear":[208],"discriminant":[209],"(LDA).":[211],"also":[213],"present":[214],"comparison":[215],"a":[218],"number":[219],"techniques":[222],"superiority":[226],"weighted":[229],"LDA":[230],"algorithm":[231],"rest.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}