{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4251423627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334413","title":"Biometrics: a grand challenge","display_name":"Biometrics: a grand challenge","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4251423627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613677","display_name":"Anil K. Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-6995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A.K. Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078542580","display_name":"Sharath Pankanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6770-9899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Pankanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006487465","display_name":"S. Prabhakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8942-002X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122731","display_name":"Digital Wave (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t3fqk56","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122731"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Prabhakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Personal, Inc., USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Personal, Inc., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012932724","display_name":"Hong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-482X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG Corporate Research and Development, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG Corporate Research and Development, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061834795","display_name":"Arun Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8850-3013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100613677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.2913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":213,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99049128,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"935","last_page":"942 Vol.2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9539999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.945898175239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7907463908195496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6387150883674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4719903767108917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainstream","display_name":"Mainstream","score":0.4709033966064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4542955458164215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.41600126028060913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3703930675983429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.36148494482040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1986546814441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.07146894931793213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.945898175239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7907463908195496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6387150883674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4719903767108917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.4709033966064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4542955458164215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.41600126028060913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3703930675983429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.36148494482040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1986546814441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07146894931793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310016","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490299937","https://openalex.org/W1557241734","https://openalex.org/W1572343479","https://openalex.org/W1980148047","https://openalex.org/W2075609405","https://openalex.org/W2094214226","https://openalex.org/W2096163668","https://openalex.org/W2102796633","https://openalex.org/W2111303254","https://openalex.org/W2114024372","https://openalex.org/W2122027310","https://openalex.org/W2130352044","https://openalex.org/W2131919573","https://openalex.org/W2136461127","https://openalex.org/W2136638757","https://openalex.org/W2152535543","https://openalex.org/W2154691736","https://openalex.org/W2337287328","https://openalex.org/W3147388031","https://openalex.org/W6633395410","https://openalex.org/W6669293821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583826057","https://openalex.org/W2377237701","https://openalex.org/W2360099860","https://openalex.org/W4323893170","https://openalex.org/W2352463596","https://openalex.org/W2380850119","https://openalex.org/W2101450440","https://openalex.org/W2383675217","https://openalex.org/W2376151201","https://openalex.org/W2353749315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"person":[1,68],"identification":[2,11,27,69],"is":[3,59,70,113],"an":[4,22],"important":[5],"problem":[6,179],"in":[7,31,180],"diverse":[8],"businesses.":[9],"Biometrics,":[10],"based":[12],"on":[13],"distinctive":[14],"personal":[15],"traits,":[16],"has":[17,38],"the":[18,35,49,98,111,120],"potential":[19],"to":[20,84,95,107],"become":[21],"irreplaceable":[23],"part":[24],"of":[25,44,51,66,76,78,149,158],"any":[26],"system.":[28],"While":[29],"successful":[30],"some":[32],"niche":[33],"markets,":[34],"biometrics":[36,140,171],"technology":[37],"not":[39,102,137],"yet":[40],"delivered":[41],"its":[42],"promise":[43],"foolproof":[45],"automatic":[46],"identification.":[47],"With":[48],"availability":[50],"inexpensive":[52],"biometric":[53,67,91],"sensors":[54],"and":[55,86,89,104,182,187],"computing":[56],"power,":[57],"it":[58],"becoming":[60],"increasingly":[61],"clear":[62],"that":[63,97,110],"widespread":[64],"usage":[65],"being":[71],"stymied":[72],"by":[73],"our":[74,163],"lack":[75],"understanding":[77],"three":[79],"fundamental":[80,178],"problems;":[81],"(i)":[82],"How":[83,94,106],"accurately":[85],"efficiently":[87],"represent":[88],"recognize":[90],"patterns?":[92],"(ii)":[93],"guarantee":[96],"sensed":[99],"measurements":[100],"are":[101],"fraudulent?":[103],"(iii)":[105],"make":[108],"sure":[109],"application":[112],"indeed":[114],"exclusively":[115],"using":[116],"pattern":[117,151],"recognition":[118,152],"for":[119,154],"expressed":[121],"purpose":[122],"(function":[123],"creep":[124],"(A.":[125],"K.":[126],"JAin":[127],"et":[128],"al.,":[129],"December":[130],"1998))?":[131],"Solving":[132],"these":[133,167],"core":[134],"problems":[135],"will":[136,145],"only":[138],"catapult":[139],"into":[141],"mainstream":[142],"applications":[143,153],"but":[144],"also":[146],"stimulate":[147],"adoption":[148],"other":[150],"providing":[155],"effective":[156],"automation":[157],"sensitive":[159],"tasks":[160],"without":[161],"jeopardizing":[162],"individual":[164],"freedoms.":[165],"For":[166],"reasons,":[168],"we":[169],"view":[170],"as":[172],"a":[173],"grand":[174],"challenge":[175],"-":[176],"\"a":[177],"science":[181],"engineering":[183],"with":[184],"broad":[185],"economic":[186],"scientific":[188],"impact\".":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
