{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4244285913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334324","title":"Hidden Markov models for couples of letters applied to handwriting recognition","display_name":"Hidden Markov models for couples of letters applied to handwriting recognition","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4244285913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074027805","display_name":"X. Dupre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204730241","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05f82e368","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204730241"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"X. Dupre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory SIP-CRIP5, University of Paris V, Paris, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory SIP-CRIP5, University of Paris V, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204730241"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091564108","display_name":"E. Augustin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Augustin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paris, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paris, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074027805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204730241"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3804,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54408482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"618","last_page":"621 Vol.2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.9401119947433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7703374028205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphabet","display_name":"Alphabet","score":0.687861442565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6511527299880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6413190364837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.6162626147270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5718945264816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5700525045394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5592409372329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5591737031936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5511052012443542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.530501127243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.5290497541427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5228586196899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.46776244044303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.34905630350112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.24835294485092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12137651443481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08824065327644348}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.9401119947433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7703374028205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112876837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837518","display_name":"Alphabet","level":2,"score":0.687861442565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6511527299880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6413190364837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.6162626147270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5718945264816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5700525045394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5592409372329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5591737031936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5511052012443542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.530501127243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.5290497541427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5228586196899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46776244044303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34905630350112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.24835294485092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12137651443481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08824065327644348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575431606","https://openalex.org/W1976551160","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2105594594","https://openalex.org/W2120458927","https://openalex.org/W2147345686","https://openalex.org/W2171850596","https://openalex.org/W6634270078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2732496052","https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2744690920","https://openalex.org/W2787081548","https://openalex.org/W183832189","https://openalex.org/W2536878212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,27,92],"paper":[1,93],"deals":[2],"with":[3,19,99],"handwritten":[4],"word":[5,37],"recognition":[6,75],"using":[7],"hidden":[8],"Markov":[9],"models":[10,83,100],"(HMM)":[11],"and":[12,68],"presents":[13],"a":[14,48,74,79],"new":[15],"solution":[16],"to":[17,85,95],"cope":[18],"problems":[20],"of":[21,34,42,50,60,81,89,101,103],"segmentation":[22,64],"resulting":[23],"from":[24],"image":[25,33,63],"preprocessing.":[26],"first":[28],"step":[29],"involves":[30],"cutting":[31],"an":[32,35],"isolated":[36],"into":[38],"letters":[39,43,88,104],"or":[40],"pieces":[41],"called":[44],"graphems.":[45],"It":[46],"builds":[47],"sequence":[49],"small":[51],"images":[52],"described":[53],"by":[54,73],"features":[55],"which":[56,105],"are":[57,106],"the":[58,70,86,90,97],"input":[59],"HMM.":[61],"The":[62],"usually":[65],"produces":[66],"errors":[67],"lowers":[69],"results":[71],"obtained":[72],"system":[76],"based":[77],"on":[78],"set":[80],"HMM":[82],"corresponding":[84],"twenty-six":[87],"alphabet.":[91],"proposes":[94],"extend":[96],"alphabet":[98],"couples":[102],"often":[107],"badly":[108],"segmented.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}