{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4250177764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334116","title":"Recognizing frontal face images using Hidden Markov models with one training image per person","display_name":"Recognizing frontal face images using Hidden Markov models with one training image per person","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4250177764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064143813","display_name":"H.-S. Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6736-3760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H.-S. Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Media Lab, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Ume\u00e5 University, Umea, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Media Lab, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Ume\u00e5 University, Umea, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066211198","display_name":"H. Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Media Lab, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Ume\u00e5 University, Umea, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Media Lab, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Ume\u00e5 University, Umea, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064143813"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82421875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"318","last_page":"321 Vol.1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7813991904258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.7303691506385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.720329225063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.687991201877594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6874427199363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.645892858505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4862329065799713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haar-wavelet","display_name":"Haar wavelet","score":0.4840911626815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4758817255496979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4458841383457184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haar-like-features","display_name":"Haar-like features","score":0.41381901502609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.39866453409194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.37309789657592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.35652172565460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33736085891723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.30112960934638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1619192361831665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7813991904258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7303691506385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.720329225063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.687991201877594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6874427199363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.645892858505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4862329065799713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780423554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766198","display_name":"Haar wavelet","level":5,"score":0.4840911626815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4758817255496979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4458841383457184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123134398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493819","display_name":"Haar-like features","level":5,"score":0.41381901502609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.39866453409194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.37309789657592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.35652172565460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33736085891723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.30112960934638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1619192361831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpr.2004.1334116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2004.1334116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608750","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR 2004.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033341974","https://openalex.org/W2103560185","https://openalex.org/W2116908796","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2132984323","https://openalex.org/W2140836279","https://openalex.org/W4229628911","https://openalex.org/W6635552349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135341440","https://openalex.org/W3009637957","https://openalex.org/W2431444032","https://openalex.org/W1017149716","https://openalex.org/W1970925716","https://openalex.org/W2585703169","https://openalex.org/W1560709653","https://openalex.org/W4318606103","https://openalex.org/W4385451546","https://openalex.org/W1963828997"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently":[0],"many":[1],"important":[2],"face":[3,12],"recognition":[4,50,71],"systems":[5],"could":[6],"deal":[7],"well":[8,19],"with":[9,35],"frontal":[10,97],"view":[11,98],"images.":[13],"However":[14],"few":[15],"of":[16,63,87],"them":[17],"work":[18],"when":[20],"there":[21],"is":[22,72],"only":[23],"one":[24],"training":[25,48],"image":[26,82],"per":[27],"person.":[28],"We":[29],"propose":[30],"an":[31],"approach":[32],"to":[33,80,83],"cope":[34],"the":[36,81,85,88,96,104,108,115],"problem":[37],"by":[38],"using":[39,67],"1D":[40],"discrete":[41],"hidden":[42],"Markov":[43],"model":[44,47],"(1D-DHMM).":[45],"The":[46,74],"and":[49,58,66],"part":[51],"were":[52],"carried":[53],"out":[54],"on":[55,95,114],"both":[56],"vertical":[57],"horizontal":[59],"directions.":[60],"New":[61],"way":[62],"extracting":[64],"observations":[65],"observation":[68,89],"sequences":[69],"in":[70],"introduced.":[73],"Haar":[75],"wavelet":[76],"transform":[77],"was":[78],"applied":[79],"lessen":[84],"dimension":[86],"vectors.":[90],"Our":[91],"experiment":[92],"results":[93],"tested":[94,113],"AR":[99],"Face":[100],"Database":[101],"show":[102],"that":[103],"proposed":[105],"method":[106],"outperforms":[107],"PCA,":[109],"LDA,":[110],"LFA":[111],"approaches":[112],"same":[116],"database.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}