{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124167518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11323050","title":"TDID: A Three-Factor Decentralized Identity Authentication Scheme in Metaverse","display_name":"TDID: A Three-Factor Decentralized Identity Authentication Scheme in Metaverse","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124167518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11323050"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11323050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11323050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 31th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122993075","display_name":"Jie Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123043341","display_name":"Mengfei Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengfei Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123006956","display_name":"Jing Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382429","display_name":"Wang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-4407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081097282","display_name":"I P Bolodurina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196486018","display_name":"Orenburg State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0f8e85","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196486018"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irina Bolodurina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orenburg State University,Faculty of Mathematics and Information Technologies,Orenburg,Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orenburg State University,Faculty of Mathematics and Information Technologies,Orenburg,Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196486018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122996784","display_name":"Hong Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University,Hefei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.582099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.582099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.12939999997615814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.05130000039935112,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5135999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-card","display_name":"Smart card","score":0.5072000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trusted-computing","display_name":"Trusted Computing","score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provable-security","display_name":"Provable security","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","score":0.4009000062942505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7886000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7584999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5135999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.5072000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776831232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q966812","display_name":"Trusted Computing","level":2,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131672422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852594","display_name":"Provable security","level":3,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131129157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059963","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","level":4,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777572472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825878","display_name":"Authenticated Key Exchange","level":5,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139089976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142273","display_name":"Trusted third party","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205009425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935662","display_name":"Forward secrecy","level":4,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780102126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10928179","display_name":"Online and offline","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169796023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3708936","display_name":"Direct Anonymous Attestation","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11323050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11323050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 31th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.568522036075592}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1860642145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2408085JX010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G682634483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20308,62472003,U24A20243,62272002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157604883","https://openalex.org/W2735614364","https://openalex.org/W2795336163","https://openalex.org/W3005719348","https://openalex.org/W3005890490","https://openalex.org/W4220804899","https://openalex.org/W4294643390","https://openalex.org/W4294891500","https://openalex.org/W4295788720","https://openalex.org/W4295974633","https://openalex.org/W4376853968","https://openalex.org/W4377235537","https://openalex.org/W4377700170","https://openalex.org/W4381716644","https://openalex.org/W4381786410","https://openalex.org/W4385324014","https://openalex.org/W4386075747","https://openalex.org/W4387026832","https://openalex.org/W4387395039","https://openalex.org/W4387412863","https://openalex.org/W4387870906","https://openalex.org/W4388948942","https://openalex.org/W4391165184","https://openalex.org/W4399407550"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,77],"Metaverse,":[1],"an":[2],"immersive":[3],"parallel":[4],"digital":[5],"world,":[6],"faces":[7],"critical":[8],"security":[9,134,144,157],"challenges":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,87],"data":[13],"leakage":[14],"and":[15,31,103,109,141,162],"impersonation":[16],"attack.":[17],"Existing":[18],"authentication":[19,46],"schemes":[20],"often":[21],"suffer":[22],"from":[23,129],"single-point":[24],"failures":[25],"due":[26],"to":[27,96,115],"centralization,":[28],"incomplete":[29],"decentralization,":[30],"low":[32],"efficiency.":[33],"To":[34],"address":[35],"these":[36],"challenges,":[37],"this":[38],"paper":[39],"proposes":[40],"TDID,":[41],"a":[42,57,63,88,98,106,130,142],"three-factor":[43],"decentralized":[44,89],"identity":[45],"scheme.":[47],"Our":[48],"core":[49],"contribution":[50],"lies":[51],"in":[52],"the":[53,69,84,116,152],"novel":[54],"synergy":[55],"of":[56,91],"confidential":[58],"smart":[59],"contract,":[60],"executed":[61],"within":[62],"Trusted":[64],"Execution":[65],"Environment":[66],"(TEE),":[67],"with":[68,147],"offline":[70,125],"attackresistant":[71],"OPAQUE":[72],"password-authenticated":[73],"key":[74,111],"exchange":[75],"protocol.":[76],"scheme":[78,154],"achieves":[79],"full":[80],"decentralization":[81],"by":[82],"using":[83,139],"TEE-based":[85],"contract":[86],"root":[90],"trust.":[92],"It":[93],"allows":[94],"users":[95],"establish":[97],"globally":[99],"unique,":[100],"collision-resistant":[101],"identity,":[102],"ensures":[104],"that":[105,151],"user's":[107],"password":[108],"biometric":[110],"are":[112],"never":[113],"revealed":[114],"server":[117],"during":[118],"authentication,":[119],"thus":[120],"providing":[121],"robust":[122],"resistance":[123],"against":[124],"dictionary":[126],"attacks":[127],"even":[128],"compromised":[131],"server.":[132],"Rigorous":[133],"analysis,":[135],"including":[136],"formal":[137],"verification":[138],"ProVerif":[140],"provable":[143],"proof,":[145],"along":[146],"performance":[148],"evaluations,":[149],"demonstrates":[150],"proposed":[153],"significantly":[155],"enhances":[156],"while":[158],"maintaining":[159],"efficient":[160],"computational":[161],"communication":[163],"performance.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}
