{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124163551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11322996","title":"AF-STip: Enhancing Smart Contract Security Through Data-Free Knowledge Transfer and Adaptive Fusion","display_name":"AF-STip: Enhancing Smart Contract Security Through Data-Free Knowledge Transfer and Adaptive Fusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124163551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11322996"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11322996","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11322996","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 31th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052471818","display_name":"L. K. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063205962","display_name":"Wenbao Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101449779","display_name":"Shangyong Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8216-6953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangyong Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123042047","display_name":"Yuchen Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9383999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9383999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.35920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7954000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778717966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4189076","display_name":"Protection mechanism","level":3,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173414695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510276","display_name":"Fusion mechanism","level":4,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202269582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2644277","display_name":"Complementarity (molecular biology)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11322996","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads67057.2025.11322996","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 31th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7867096206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2703004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2781491433","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2899381463","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2982275082","https://openalex.org/W3005065812","https://openalex.org/W3091620507","https://openalex.org/W3106747422","https://openalex.org/W3119010431","https://openalex.org/W3127365535","https://openalex.org/W3182763642","https://openalex.org/W3187454871","https://openalex.org/W4211181447","https://openalex.org/W4229365081","https://openalex.org/W4229376650","https://openalex.org/W4281716264","https://openalex.org/W4283157082","https://openalex.org/W4322747009","https://openalex.org/W4367047249","https://openalex.org/W4385194706","https://openalex.org/W4399254593","https://openalex.org/W4406458895","https://openalex.org/W4407575051"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,40,75,130,193,197,220],"blockchain":[2],"3.0":[3],"era,":[4],"smart":[5,77],"contracts":[6],"have":[7],"become":[8],"a":[9,116,147],"key":[10,163],"component":[11],"of":[12,23,206,222],"decentralised":[13],"systems.":[14],"However,":[15],"existing":[16],"deep":[17],"learning-based":[18],"detection":[19,50,80],"models,":[20],"while":[21],"capable":[22],"handling":[24],"high-quality":[25],"contract":[26,43,59,67,78,104,195],"samples,":[27],"suffer":[28],"from":[29],"limitations":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32],"high":[33],"computational":[34,96],"overhead":[35],"and":[36,45,66,94,110,151,174,180,228],"difficulty":[37],"in":[38],"capturing":[39],"interaction":[41,92],"between":[42,162],"semantics":[44],"heterogeneous":[46,155],"features.":[47,165],"Additionally,":[48],"mainstream":[49,215],"methods":[51],"typically":[52],"require":[53],"direct":[54],"access":[55],"to":[56,89,125,133,158,177,211,225],"sensitive":[57],"raw":[58],"data,":[60,128,196],"raising":[61],"concerns":[62],"about":[63],"privacy":[64,229],"protection":[65],"security.":[68],"To":[69,141],"address":[70],"these":[71],"challenges,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"AF-STip":[76,87,145],"vulnerability":[79,139,187,231],"framework":[81],"based":[82],"on":[83,137,184],"data-free":[84],"knowledge":[85],"distillation.":[86],"aims":[88],"enhance":[90,142],"feature":[91,143,149],"capabilities":[93],"reduce":[95],"costs":[97],"through":[98],"collaborative":[99],"modelling.":[100],"It":[101],"locates":[102],"relevant":[103],"regions":[105],"via":[106],"secure":[107],"vocabulary":[108],"mapping":[109],"generates":[111],"annotated":[112],"samples.":[113,140],"During":[114],"training,":[115],"pseudo-sample":[117],"synchronous":[118],"generation":[119],"mechanism":[120,157],"uses":[121],"perturbed":[122],"random":[123],"noise":[124],"generate":[126],"synthetic":[127],"enabling":[129],"student":[131],"model":[132,200],"learn":[134],"without":[135,191],"relying":[136],"real":[138],"interaction,":[144],"constructs":[146],"fine-grained":[148,175],"matrix":[150],"integrates":[152],"an":[153,167,202],"in-memory":[154],"modelling":[156],"capture":[159],"global":[160],"dependencies":[161],"logical":[164],"Subsequently,":[166],"adaptive":[168],"fusion":[169],"strategy":[170],"progressively":[171],"aligns":[172],"coarse-grained":[173],"features":[176],"improve":[178],"robustness":[179],"generalisation":[181],"capabilities.":[182],"Experiments":[183],"four":[185],"benchmark":[186],"datasets":[188],"show":[189],"that,":[190],"accessing":[192],"original":[194],"optimised":[198],"STip":[199,224],"achieves":[201],"average":[203],"F1":[204],"score":[205],"91.16%,":[207],"which":[208],"is":[209],"3.81%":[210],"62.71%":[212],"higher":[213],"than":[214],"methods.":[216],"These":[217],"results":[218],"validate":[219],"ability":[221],"AF":[223],"provide":[226],"high-performance":[227],"preserving":[230],"detection.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}
