{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2920901262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icosc.2019.8665639","title":"Real-Time Optimized N-Gram for Mobile Devices","display_name":"Real-Time Optimized N-Gram for Mobile Devices","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2920901262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icosc.2019.8665639","mag":"2920901262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icosc.2019.8665639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icosc.2019.8665639","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.03967","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017905800","display_name":"Sharmila Mani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139030","display_name":"Samsung (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cpx2569","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sharmila Mani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064042397","display_name":"Sourabh Vasant Gothe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-2218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139030","display_name":"Samsung (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cpx2569","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sourabh Vasant Gothe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059612165","display_name":"Sourav Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1866-1408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139030","display_name":"Samsung (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cpx2569","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sourav Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033671866","display_name":"Ajay Kumar Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-6781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139030","display_name":"Samsung (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cpx2569","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajay Kumar Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070426600","display_name":"Prakhar Kulshreshtha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139030","display_name":"Samsung (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cpx2569","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakhar Kulshreshtha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113858614","display_name":"M. Bhargavi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139030","display_name":"Samsung (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cpx2569","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Bhargavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103856600","display_name":"Muthu Kumaran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139030","display_name":"Samsung (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cpx2569","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muthu Kumaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung R&D Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139030"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017905800"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139030"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8671,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80257756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"87","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7691243886947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7423725128173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.6093434691429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.583063542842865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.545362114906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5296580195426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.48507800698280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4576927125453949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.44879475235939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3536790609359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.34400707483291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.306989461183548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1184954047203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11627733707427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11457908153533936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11143356561660767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7691243886947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7423725128173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.6093434691429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.583063542842865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.545362114906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5296580195426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.48507800698280334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4576927125453949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.44879475235939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3536790609359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.34400707483291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.306989461183548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1184954047203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11627733707427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11457908153533936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11143356561660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icosc.2019.8665639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icosc.2019.8665639","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.03967","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03967","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.03967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.03967","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03967","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.03967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1797288984","https://openalex.org/W1934041838","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2050712820","https://openalex.org/W2067464150","https://openalex.org/W2109664771","https://openalex.org/W2121227244","https://openalex.org/W2128808215","https://openalex.org/W2134800885","https://openalex.org/W2250750541","https://openalex.org/W4206165639","https://openalex.org/W6676373471","https://openalex.org/W6678277124","https://openalex.org/W6678961370","https://openalex.org/W6679855610","https://openalex.org/W6692046116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2250909759","https://openalex.org/W2532616038","https://openalex.org/W2787311093","https://openalex.org/W155946694","https://openalex.org/W1555968995","https://openalex.org/W4307474317","https://openalex.org/W2147879411","https://openalex.org/W2624072012","https://openalex.org/W2057384730","https://openalex.org/W2008468404"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1],"increasing":[2],"number":[3],"of":[4,23,132],"mobile":[5,61,92],"devices,":[6],"there":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"continuous":[10],"research":[11],"on":[12,91],"generating":[13],"optimized":[14],"Language":[15,108],"Models":[16],"(LMs)":[17],"for":[18,32,64],"soft":[19],"keyboard.":[20],"In":[21],"spite":[22],"advances":[24],"in":[25,107,113,117,122],"this":[26],"domain,":[27],"building":[28],"a":[29,43,49,84],"single":[30],"LM":[31,88],"low-end":[33],"feature":[34],"phones":[35],"as":[36,38,126,143],"well":[37],"high-end":[39],"smartphones":[40],"is":[41,93],"still":[42],"pressing":[44],"need.":[45],"Hence,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"novel":[50],"technique,":[51],"Optimized":[52],"N-gram":[53,57],"(Op-Ngram),":[54],"an":[55],"end-to-end":[56],"pipeline":[58],"that":[59,102],"utilises":[60],"resources":[62],"efficiently":[63],"faster":[65],"Word":[66,71],"Completion":[67],"(WC)":[68],"and":[69,79,120],"Next":[70],"Prediction":[72],"(NWP).":[73],"Op-Ngram":[74,103],"applies":[75],"Stupid":[76],"Backoff":[77],"[1]":[78],"pruning":[80],"strategies":[81],"to":[82,97,128],"generate":[83],"light-weight":[85],"model.":[86],"The":[87],"loading":[89,118],"time":[90,119,125],"linear":[94],"with":[95],"respect":[96],"model":[98],"size.":[99],"We":[100],"observed":[101],"gives":[104],"37%":[105],"improvement":[106,140],"Model":[109],"(LM)-ROM":[110],"size,":[111,115],"76%":[112],"LM-RAM":[114],"88%":[116],"89%":[121],"average":[123],"suggestion":[124],"compared":[127],"Sorted":[129],"array":[130],"variant":[131],"BerkeleyLM[2].":[133],"Moreover,":[134],"our":[135],"method":[136],"shows":[137],"significant":[138],"performance":[139],"over":[141],"KenLM[3]":[142],"well.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
