{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2745169462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2017.8009237","title":"Development of elbow spasticity model for objective training of spasticity assessment of patients post stroke","display_name":"Development of elbow spasticity model for objective training of spasticity assessment of patients post stroke","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2745169462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2017.8009237","mag":"2745169462","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28813809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icorr.2017.8009237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2017.8009237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100599879","display_name":"Jeong-Ho Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9382-3476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeong-Ho Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028101500","display_name":"Kwang\u2010Jae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0317-333X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106328","display_name":"Presbyterian Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvnb423","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106328"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwang-Jae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055146240","display_name":"Yong\u2010Soon Yoon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106328","display_name":"Presbyterian Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvnb423","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106328"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong-Soon Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020380486","display_name":"Eun-Ji Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-2414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106328","display_name":"Presbyterian Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvnb423","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106328"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eun-Ji Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Medical Research Center, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Medical Research Center, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023290113","display_name":"Jisun Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3179-7935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106328","display_name":"Presbyterian Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvnb423","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106328"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Sun Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Medical Research Center, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Medical Research Center, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063573295","display_name":"Si Hyun Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0205-067X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153376","display_name":"Chung-Ang University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4mh63","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153376","https://openalex.org/I4405261496","https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Hyun Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153376"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112331990","display_name":"Heesang Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153376","display_name":"Chung-Ang University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4mh63","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153376","https://openalex.org/I4405261496","https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heesang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101911912","display_name":"Hyung\u2010Soon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-7420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyung-Soon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100599879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8454,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73855168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2017","issue":null,"first_page":"146","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11097","display_name":"Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spasticity","display_name":"Spasticity","score":0.9338399171829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modified-ashworth-scale","display_name":"Modified Ashworth scale","score":0.7161759734153748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.7040307521820068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elbow","display_name":"Elbow","score":0.6907799243927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spastic","display_name":"Spastic","score":0.6247061491012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.5957105159759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","score":0.591242790222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4929382801055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.44753387570381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.44734689593315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebral-palsy","display_name":"Cerebral palsy","score":0.10963323712348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.10031995177268982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08963572978973389}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779012798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117060","display_name":"Spasticity","level":2,"score":0.9338399171829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780566999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098821","display_name":"Modified Ashworth scale","level":3,"score":0.7161759734153748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.7040307521820068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781184374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586","display_name":"Elbow","level":2,"score":0.6907799243927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776195251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7573993","display_name":"Spastic","level":3,"score":0.6247061491012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.5957105159759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.591242790222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4929382801055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.44753387570381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.44734689593315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779421357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210427","display_name":"Cerebral palsy","level":2,"score":0.10963323712348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.10031995177268982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08963572978973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004550","descriptor_name":"Elbow","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004550","descriptor_name":"Elbow","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004550","descriptor_name":"Elbow","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009128","descriptor_name":"Muscle Spasticity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009128","descriptor_name":"Muscle Spasticity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009128","descriptor_name":"Muscle Spasticity","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009128","descriptor_name":"Muscle Spasticity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009128","descriptor_name":"Muscle Spasticity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009128","descriptor_name":"Muscle Spasticity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010808","descriptor_name":"Physical Examination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010808","descriptor_name":"Physical Examination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010808","descriptor_name":"Physical Examination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icorr.2017.8009237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2017.8009237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:28813809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28813809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE ... International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics : [proceedings]","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139317720","https://openalex.org/W1106499465","https://openalex.org/W1500114459","https://openalex.org/W1798522298","https://openalex.org/W1964214951","https://openalex.org/W1965736365","https://openalex.org/W1967426583","https://openalex.org/W1979791637","https://openalex.org/W2000957724","https://openalex.org/W2008485015","https://openalex.org/W2009212468","https://openalex.org/W2014647805","https://openalex.org/W2021578482","https://openalex.org/W2032112481","https://openalex.org/W2038279797","https://openalex.org/W2052107987","https://openalex.org/W2069240566","https://openalex.org/W2070508173","https://openalex.org/W2077930936","https://openalex.org/W2094239577","https://openalex.org/W2099931218","https://openalex.org/W2100975989","https://openalex.org/W2106104771","https://openalex.org/W2114678669","https://openalex.org/W2123578664","https://openalex.org/W2130873978","https://openalex.org/W2131170773","https://openalex.org/W2153810626","https://openalex.org/W2158476470","https://openalex.org/W2165695839","https://openalex.org/W2170634717","https://openalex.org/W2182171525","https://openalex.org/W2288418329","https://openalex.org/W2488732227","https://openalex.org/W3128792010","https://openalex.org/W6605790260","https://openalex.org/W6685684380","https://openalex.org/W6722231505","https://openalex.org/W6790866100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195603049","https://openalex.org/W1965736365","https://openalex.org/W4205502267","https://openalex.org/W1992963123","https://openalex.org/W2098927834","https://openalex.org/W2909869969","https://openalex.org/W3012706727","https://openalex.org/W1965760488","https://openalex.org/W2100577834","https://openalex.org/W1969083091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"assessment":[1],"is":[2,38,49],"essential":[3],"for":[4,126],"the":[5,11,20,114,118,144],"management":[6],"of":[7,10,15,76,102,113,122,133,143],"spasticity,":[8],"one":[9,37],"most":[12,35],"frequent":[13],"complication":[14],"various":[16],"neurological":[17],"diseases.":[18],"For":[19],"spasticity":[21,70],"assessment,":[22],"several":[23],"clinical":[24],"tools":[25],"have":[26],"been":[27],"developed":[28,125],"and":[29,51,59,86,129],"widely":[30],"used":[31],"in":[32,140],"clinics.":[33],"The":[34],"popular":[36],"modified":[39],"Ashworth":[40],"scale":[41],"(MAS).":[42],"It":[43],"has":[44],"a":[45,92],"simple":[46],"protocol,":[47],"but":[48],"subjective":[50],"qualitative.":[52],"To":[53],"improve":[54],"its":[55],"reliability,":[56],"quantitative":[57],"measurement":[58],"consistent":[60,130],"training":[61,132],"would":[62],"be":[63],"needed.":[64],"This":[65],"study":[66],"presents":[67],"an":[68],"elbow":[69],"simulator":[71],"which":[72],"mimics":[73],"spastic":[74,82],"response":[75],"adult":[77],"post":[78],"stroke":[79,93],"survivors.":[80],"First,":[81],"responses":[83],"(i.e.":[84],"resistance":[85],"joint":[87],"motion)":[88],"from":[89],"patients":[90],"with":[91],"were":[94,124],"measured":[95],"during":[96],"conventional":[97],"MAS":[98,103,123],"assessment.":[99],"Each":[100],"grade":[101],"was":[104],"quantified":[105],"by":[106],"using":[107],"three":[108,111],"parameters":[109],"representing":[110],"characteristics":[112],"spasticity.":[115],"Based":[116],"on":[117],"parameters,":[119],"haptic":[120,131],"models":[121],"implementing":[127],"repeatable":[128],"novice":[134],"clinicians.":[135],"Two":[136],"experienced":[137],"clinicians":[138],"participated":[139],"preliminary":[141],"evaluation":[142],"models.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}