{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997355233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnss.2011.6059961","title":"KL-F: Karhunen-Lo&amp;#x00E8;ve based fragile watermarking","display_name":"KL-F: Karhunen-Lo&amp;#x00E8;ve based fragile watermarking","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997355233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnss.2011.6059961","mag":"1997355233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icnss.2011.6059961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnss.2011.6059961","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 5th International Conference on Network and System Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011448484","display_name":"Marco Botta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-8517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55143463","display_name":"University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/048tbm396","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Botta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy","Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10149, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10149, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077012461","display_name":"Davide Cavagnino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-0285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55143463","display_name":"University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/048tbm396","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Cavagnino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy","Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10149, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10149, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059566999","display_name":"Victor Pomponiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9241-1936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55143463","display_name":"University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/048tbm396","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Pomponiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy","Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10149, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10149, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011448484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2879,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82399039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"96","issue":null,"first_page":"65","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karhunen\u2013lo\u00e8ve-theorem","display_name":"Karhunen\u2013Lo\u00e8ve theorem","score":0.7311072945594788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6971212029457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4872538149356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2925785183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.06420451402664185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109308471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2046647","display_name":"Karhunen\u2013Lo\u00e8ve theorem","level":2,"score":0.7311072945594788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6971212029457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4872538149356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2925785183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.06420451402664185}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icnss.2011.6059961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnss.2011.6059961","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 5th International Conference on Network and System Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198467675","https://openalex.org/W1561661902","https://openalex.org/W1973207880","https://openalex.org/W1977054278","https://openalex.org/W1977528744","https://openalex.org/W2003709298","https://openalex.org/W2014421517","https://openalex.org/W2018932370","https://openalex.org/W2085762706","https://openalex.org/W2117614425","https://openalex.org/W2122014146","https://openalex.org/W2140127085","https://openalex.org/W2144651618","https://openalex.org/W2160644038","https://openalex.org/W2163379346","https://openalex.org/W2293394626","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W4244003036","https://openalex.org/W6680610449","https://openalex.org/W6696690678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2361629745","https://openalex.org/W2107922825","https://openalex.org/W3094285444","https://openalex.org/W2381262728","https://openalex.org/W2111592878","https://openalex.org/W1568204688","https://openalex.org/W2122982227","https://openalex.org/W1846726187","https://openalex.org/W2387614453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"a":[3,54,69],"fragile":[4],"watermarking":[5],"technique":[6],"based":[7],"on":[8],"Karhunen-Lo\u00e8ve":[9],"transform":[10],"(KLT)":[11],"and":[12],"genetic":[13],"algorithms":[14],"(GA)":[15],"is":[16,68,83],"proposed.":[17],"To":[18],"achieve":[19],"high":[20],"sensibility":[21],"to":[22,56,85],"content":[23],"manipulations,":[24],"the":[25,30,36,40,43,58,61,64,81,90,94],"proposed":[26],"algorithm":[27],"slightly":[28],"modifies":[29],"middle-frequency":[31],"KLT":[32],"coefficients":[33],"while":[34],"maintaining":[35],"visual":[37],"imperceptibility":[38],"of":[39,63],"watermark":[41,72],"(i.e.,":[42],"average":[44],"peak":[45],"signal-to-noise":[46],"ratio":[47],"reported":[48],"was":[49,96],"52.49":[50],"dB).":[51],"It":[52],"uses":[53],"GA":[55],"compensate":[57],"errors":[59],"in":[60,92],"extraction":[62],"authentication":[65],"information,":[66],"which":[67,93],"pseudo-random":[70],"generated":[71],"sequence.":[73],"The":[74],"experimental":[75],"tests":[76],"carried":[77],"out":[78],"show":[79],"that":[80],"scheme":[82],"able":[84],"detect":[86],"pixel-level":[87],"alterations":[88],"localizing":[89],"block":[91],"pixel(s)":[95],"modified.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
