{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399882208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc59896.2024.10556045","title":"Detecting Deepfakes Using GAN Manipulation Defects in Human Eyes","display_name":"Detecting Deepfakes Using GAN Manipulation Defects in Human Eyes","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399882208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc59896.2024.10556045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icnc59896.2024.10556045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc59896.2024.10556045","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104332627","display_name":"Elisabeth Tchaptchet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178331978","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Dschang","ror":"https://ror.org/0566t4z20","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Tchaptchet","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Dschang,Mathematics and Computer Science Department,Cameroon","Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Dschang, Cameroon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Dschang,Mathematics and Computer Science Department,Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Dschang, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026862917","display_name":"Elie Fute Tagne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8979-7869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144693123","display_name":"University of Buea","ror":"https://ror.org/041kdhz15","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144693123"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elie Fute Tagne","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Buea,Mathematics and Computer Science Department,Cameroon","Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Buea, Cameroon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Buea,Mathematics and Computer Science Department,Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144693123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science Department, University of Buea, Cameroon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144693123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029731437","display_name":"Jaime C. Acosta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2555-9989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Acosta","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch,MD,USA","DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch,MD,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099338171","display_name":"Rawat Danda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rawat Danda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard University,Department of Computer Science,Washington,DC,USA","Department of Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard University,Department of Computer Science,Washington,DC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090126029","display_name":"Charles Kamhoua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-5975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Kamhoua","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch,MD,USA","DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch,MD,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Network Security Branch, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104332627"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178331978"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0998,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77316249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"456","last_page":"462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.537214457988739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4020029902458191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36202991008758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.330055832862854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.537214457988739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4020029902458191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36202991008758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.330055832862854}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icnc59896.2024.10556045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc59896.2024.10556045","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057064346","https://openalex.org/W2115252128","https://openalex.org/W2132725786","https://openalex.org/W2726991241","https://openalex.org/W2907295878","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2952716587","https://openalex.org/W2959409678","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3034577585","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3125803510","https://openalex.org/W3154326567","https://openalex.org/W3163387060","https://openalex.org/W3170019900","https://openalex.org/W3173581984","https://openalex.org/W3184257017","https://openalex.org/W3197831948","https://openalex.org/W4200560037","https://openalex.org/W4294643831","https://openalex.org/W4313559678","https://openalex.org/W4387171440","https://openalex.org/W6677618333","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6755312952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W2898370298","https://openalex.org/W2137437058","https://openalex.org/W4396520874","https://openalex.org/W4390401159","https://openalex.org/W2744391499","https://openalex.org/W4230250635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,209],"Deepfake":[1],"phenomenon":[2],"is":[3,140,199],"very":[4,13],"important":[5],"nowadays":[6],"because":[7],"there":[8],"are":[9,33,91,104],"possibilities":[10],"to":[11,21,127,222],"create":[12],"real":[14,169],"images":[15,32,37,56,179],"that":[16,54,152],"can":[17,57],"fool":[18],"anyone,":[19],"thanks":[20],"deep":[22,195],"learning":[23],"tools":[24],"based":[25],"on":[26,38,214],"generative":[27],"adversarial":[28],"networks":[29],"(GAN).":[30],"These":[31,89],"used":[34],"as":[35,71,201],"profile":[36],"social":[39],"media,":[40],"aimed":[41],"here":[42],"at":[43],"creating":[44],"discord":[45],"and":[46,78,146,154,176],"scams":[47],"internationally.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"work,":[51],"we":[52],"show":[53],"these":[55,113],"be":[58],"detected":[59],"by":[60,93],"a":[61,106,165],"multitude":[62],"of":[63,75,85,96,111,123,134,160,168,183,203,211],"imperfections":[64,90],"present":[65],"in":[66,99],"the":[67,72,76,79,82,86,94,124,129,137,156,173,181,204,212,215],"synthetized":[68],"eyes":[69],"such":[70],"irregular":[73],"shape":[74],"pupil":[77,126],"difference":[80],"between":[81],"corneal":[83,157],"reflections":[84,159],"two":[87,107,161],"eyes.":[88,162],"caused":[92],"absence":[95],"physical/physiological":[97],"constraints":[98],"most":[100],"GAN":[101],"models.":[102],"We":[103],"developing":[105],"tier":[108],"architecture":[109,151],"able":[110],"detecting":[112],"deepfake":[114,206],"images.":[115],"It":[116],"starts":[117],"with":[118,164],"an":[119,150],"automatic":[120],"segmentation":[121],"method":[122,187],"eye":[125],"check":[128],"shape.":[130],"Then,":[131],"for":[132,191],"pupils":[133],"non-standard":[135],"shape,":[136],"whole":[138],"image":[139,170],"taken,":[141],"transformed":[142],"into":[143,149],"gray":[144],"level":[145],"then":[147],"passed":[148],"extracts":[153],"compares":[155],"specular":[158],"Experimenting":[163],"large":[166],"set":[167],"data":[171],"from":[172],"Flickr-Faces-HQ":[174],"dataset":[175],"fake":[177],"styleGAN2":[178],"demonstrates":[180],"effectiveness":[182],"our":[184],"method.":[185],"Our":[186],"has":[188],"good":[189],"stability":[190],"physiological":[192],"properties":[193],"during":[194],"learning;":[196],"therefore,":[197],"it":[198],"robust":[200],"some":[202],"single-class":[205],"detection":[207],"methods.":[208,224],"results":[210],"experiments":[213],"selected":[216],"datasets":[217],"demonstrate":[218],"greater":[219],"precision":[220],"compared":[221],"other":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}