{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360605289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc57223.2023.10074279","title":"Adaptive Resource Allocation in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for Federated Learning","display_name":"Adaptive Resource Allocation in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for Federated Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360605289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc57223.2023.10074279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icnc57223.2023.10074279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc57223.2023.10074279","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058066876","display_name":"Rakpong Kaewpuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7211-3459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rakpong Kaewpuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University (NTU),School of Computer Science and Engineering","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University (NTU),School of Computer Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053209543","display_name":"Minrui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8203-8146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minrui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University (NTU),School of Computer Science and Engineering","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University (NTU),School of Computer Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University (NTU),School of Computer Science and Engineering","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University (NTU),School of Computer Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064069283","display_name":"Han Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6893-8650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University (NTU),School of Computer Science and Engineering","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University (NTU),School of Computer Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005327587","display_name":"Zehui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-941X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD),Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design","Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD),Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100773343","display_name":"Xuemin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Sherman Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058066876"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7972,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92142725,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"71","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8587054014205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7398427724838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6947799324989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6215294599533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.582247257232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5773529410362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5418949127197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4723958671092987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.436920702457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.23934119939804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23515284061431885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8587054014205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7398427724838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6947799324989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6215294599533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.582247257232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5773529410362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5418949127197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4723958671092987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.436920702457428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.23934119939804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23515284061431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icnc57223.2023.10074279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icnc57223.2023.10074279","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03m01yf64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569990960","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2896792097","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2945746223","https://openalex.org/W3015636663","https://openalex.org/W3090453402","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W3134905652","https://openalex.org/W3161868942","https://openalex.org/W3188785851","https://openalex.org/W4206598149","https://openalex.org/W4311416218","https://openalex.org/W4312869638","https://openalex.org/W4317794926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2923452570","https://openalex.org/W206598027","https://openalex.org/W2978610750","https://openalex.org/W2022931285","https://openalex.org/W1589966275","https://openalex.org/W2086872282","https://openalex.org/W2137789903","https://openalex.org/W2138781885","https://openalex.org/W2153007255","https://openalex.org/W2362797233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasing":[0],"privacy":[1],"and":[2,42,71,88,115,119],"security":[3,105],"concerns":[4],"in":[5,16,65],"intelligence-native":[6],"6G":[7],"networks":[8],"require":[9],"quantum":[10,22],"key":[11],"distribution-secured":[12],"federated":[13],"learning":[14],"(QKD-FL),":[15],"which":[17,66],"data":[18],"owners":[19],"connected":[20],"via":[21],"channels":[23],"can":[24,122],"train":[25],"an":[26],"FL":[27,77,91],"global":[28],"model":[29,121],"collaboratively":[30],"without":[31],"exposing":[32],"their":[33],"local":[34],"datasets.":[35],"To":[36,54],"facilitate":[37],"QKD-FL,":[38],"the":[39,95,112,116,124,131],"architectural":[40],"design":[41],"routing":[43,72,89,120],"management":[44],"framework":[45],"are":[46,73],"essential.":[47],"However,":[48],"effective":[49],"implementation":[50],"is":[51],"still":[52],"lacking.":[53],"this":[55],"end,":[56],"we":[57,81],"propose":[58],"a":[59],"hierarchical":[60],"architecture":[61,114],"for":[62,76,90],"QKD-FL":[63],"systems":[64],"QKD":[67,85,99],"resources":[68],"(i.e.,":[69],"wavelengths)":[70],"jointly":[74],"optimized":[75],"applications.":[78],"In":[79],"particular,":[80],"focus":[82],"on":[83],"adaptive":[84],"resource":[86,117],"allocation":[87,118],"workers":[92],"to":[93,130],"minimize":[94],"deployment":[96,125],"cost":[97,126],"of":[98],"nodes":[100],"under":[101],"various":[102],"uncertainties,":[103],"including":[104],"requirements.":[106],"The":[107],"experimental":[108],"results":[109],"show":[110],"that":[111],"proposed":[113],"reduce":[123],"by":[127],"7.72%":[128],"compared":[129],"CO-QBN":[132],"algorithm.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}