{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389077441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc58545.2023.10327975","title":"A Novel Approach to User Agent String Parsing for Vulnerability Analysis Using Multi-Headed Attention","display_name":"A Novel Approach to User Agent String Parsing for Vulnerability Analysis Using Multi-Headed Attention","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389077441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc58545.2023.10327975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmlc58545.2023.10327975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc58545.2023.10327975","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006798673","display_name":"Dhruv Nandakumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dhruv Nandakumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092119009","display_name":"Sathvik Murli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sathvik Murli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092119010","display_name":"Ankur Khosla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Khosla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112894516","display_name":"Kevin Choi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091742537","display_name":"Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4446-2090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003485803","display_name":"Drew Walsh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Drew Walsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092119011","display_name":"Scott Riede","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Riede","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092119012","display_name":"Eric Dull","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Dull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078074716","display_name":"Edward Bowen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145325580","display_name":"Deloitte (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xkm6e60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145325580","https://openalex.org/I4210139068"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Bowen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deloitte & Touche LLP"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deloitte & Touche LLP","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006798673"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145325580"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18789328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"105","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8523808717727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.7603968381881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.46161967515945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.45290642976760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertext-transfer-protocol","display_name":"Hypertext Transfer Protocol","score":0.42567914724349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.4111044108867645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20210108160972595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8523808717727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.7603968381881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.46161967515945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.45290642976760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149672775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8777","display_name":"Hypertext Transfer Protocol","level":3,"score":0.42567914724349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4111044108867645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20210108160972595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmlc58545.2023.10327975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc58545.2023.10327975","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1451156941","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1931952763","https://openalex.org/W1970088130","https://openalex.org/W2038571043","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2540219012","https://openalex.org/W2768073432","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2803131667","https://openalex.org/W2900708792","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2973006233","https://openalex.org/W2977800827","https://openalex.org/W3048804154","https://openalex.org/W3089446137","https://openalex.org/W4243235940","https://openalex.org/W4287028984","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6628384386","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6800134319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003689064","https://openalex.org/W2155589792","https://openalex.org/W615748507","https://openalex.org/W30320668","https://openalex.org/W3088372176","https://openalex.org/W2028508770","https://openalex.org/W3033214662","https://openalex.org/W2159958126","https://openalex.org/W2185978036","https://openalex.org/W4250592305"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125,165],"increasing":[1],"reliance":[2],"on":[3],"the":[4,9,24,50,73,149],"internet":[5],"has":[6],"led":[7],"to":[8,72,87,143,147],"proliferation":[10,74],"of":[11,15,22,33,75,90,92,135,155,179],"a":[12,31,83,88,112,133,141],"diverse":[13],"set":[14],"web-browsers":[16],"and":[17,53,68,78,101],"operating":[18],"systems":[19],"(OSs)":[20],"capable":[21],"browsing":[23,35],"web.":[25],"User":[26],"agent":[27],"strings":[28],"(UASs)":[29],"are":[30,37,98],"component":[32],"web":[34,59],"that":[36],"transmitted":[38],"with":[39,137],"every":[40],"Hypertext":[41],"Transfer":[42],"Protocol":[43],"(HTTP)":[44],"request.":[45],"They":[46],"contain":[47],"information":[48],"about":[49],"client":[51],"device":[52],"software,":[54],"which":[55],"is":[56,82,123,162],"used":[57],"by":[58],"servers":[60],"for":[61,115,152,176],"various":[62,76],"purposes":[63],"such":[64,106],"as":[65],"content":[66],"negotiation":[67],"security.":[69],"However,":[70],"due":[71,86],"browsers":[77],"devices,":[79],"parsing":[80,116,132,178],"UASs":[81,117,136,146],"non-trivial":[84],"task":[85],"lack":[89],"standardization":[91],"UAS":[93],"formats.":[94,108,139],"Current":[95],"rules-based":[96],"approaches":[97],"often":[99],"brittle":[100],"can":[102,169],"fail":[103],"when":[104],"encountering":[105],"non-standard":[107],"In":[109],"this":[110],"work,":[111],"novel":[113],"methodology":[114,127,166],"using":[118],"Multi-Headed":[119],"Attention":[120],"Based":[121],"transformers":[122],"proposed.":[124],"proposed":[126],"exhibits":[128],"strong":[129],"performance":[130],"in":[131,181],"variety":[134],"differing":[138],"Furthermore,":[140],"framework":[142],"utilize":[144],"parsed":[145],"estimate":[148],"vulnerability":[150],"scores":[151],"large":[153],"sections":[154],"publicly":[156],"visible":[157],"IT":[158],"networks":[159],"or":[160,174],"regions":[161],"also":[163,170],"discussed.":[164],"present":[167],"here":[168],"be":[171],"easily":[172],"extended":[173],"deployed":[175],"real-time":[177],"logs":[180],"enterprise":[182],"settings.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}