{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000546219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc48188.2019.8949248","title":"Deep License Plate Recognition in Ill-Conditioned Environments With Ill-Conditional Data Augmentation","display_name":"Deep License Plate Recognition in Ill-Conditioned Environments With Ill-Conditional Data Augmentation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000546219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc48188.2019.8949248","mag":"3000546219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmlc48188.2019.8949248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc48188.2019.8949248","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067856998","display_name":"Cheng\u2010Chang Lien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9533-6206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59460038","display_name":"Chung Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yzz0f51","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Chang Lien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung Hua University,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung Hua University,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085847479","display_name":"Yu-Chun Chien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-2932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59460038","display_name":"Chung Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yzz0f51","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Chun Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung Hua University,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung Hua University,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008669537","display_name":"Fu-Yu Teng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59460038","display_name":"Chung Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yzz0f51","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu-Yu Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung Hua University,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung Hua University,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101738461","display_name":"Chih-Chieh Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2816-4464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59460038","display_name":"Chung Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yzz0f51","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Chieh Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chung Hua University,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chung Hua University,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58194444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.8747974038124084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7896984815597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7409298419952393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6361864805221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6106618642807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5550852417945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5364540219306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5166438221931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4833952486515045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.46516966819763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.46484819054603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.4566574990749359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.44015902280807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3474504351615906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.8747974038124084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7896984815597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7409298419952393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6361864805221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6106618642807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5550852417945862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5364540219306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5166438221931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4833952486515045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.46516966819763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.46484819054603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.4566574990749359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.44015902280807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3474504351615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmlc48188.2019.8949248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc48188.2019.8949248","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1508824535","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1597931944","https://openalex.org/W1601290793","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2015094978","https://openalex.org/W2020382283","https://openalex.org/W2024121930","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2041004286","https://openalex.org/W2102958752","https://openalex.org/W2106691062","https://openalex.org/W2113417724","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2120866931","https://openalex.org/W2124198476","https://openalex.org/W2134116786","https://openalex.org/W2149736231","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6630436681","https://openalex.org/W6636077768","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6676327676","https://openalex.org/W6676759424","https://openalex.org/W6682091117","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369368417","https://openalex.org/W2062129971","https://openalex.org/W1941102849","https://openalex.org/W2356609883","https://openalex.org/W2098577506","https://openalex.org/W2392545299","https://openalex.org/W2100767492","https://openalex.org/W2570673113","https://openalex.org/W2364333216","https://openalex.org/W2103090617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,85],"general,":[1],"the":[2,8,50,58,64,69,100,110,116,121,125,132,144],"conventional":[3,70],"LPR":[4,97],"systems":[5],"consist":[6],"of":[7,23,79],"following":[9,111],"modules:":[10],"feature":[11,80],"extraction,":[12],"license":[13,139],"plate":[14,140],"locating,":[15],"character":[16,19],"segmentation,":[17],"and":[18,38,52,82],"recognition.":[20],"The":[21],"performances":[22],"these":[24],"module":[25],"are":[26],"strongly":[27],"correlated":[28],"with":[29,99,147],"some":[30],"low":[31,41],"level":[32,42],"image":[33,43],"features,":[34],"e.g.,":[35],"edges,":[36],"colors,":[37],"textures.":[39],"These":[40],"features":[44],"can":[45],"be":[46],"influenced":[47],"significantly":[48],"by":[49],"illumination":[51],"view":[53],"angle":[54],"variations":[55],"such":[56],"that":[57],"recognition":[59,72,83,141,148],"accuracy":[60,149],"is":[61,107],"degraded.":[62],"Recently,":[63],"deep":[65,94,138],"learning":[66,95],"technologies":[67,73],"make":[68],"vision-based":[71],"getting":[74],"significant":[75],"improvement":[76],"in":[77,143],"terms":[78],"discrimination":[81],"accuracy.":[84],"this":[86,105],"paper,":[87],"we":[88,114,130],"aim":[89],"to":[90,109,119,136],"develop":[91,137],"a":[92],"novel":[93],"based":[96],"system":[98,142],"ill-conditional":[101],"data":[102],"augmentation.":[103],"Therefore,":[104],"paper":[106],"expected":[108],"contributions.":[112],"First,":[113],"apply":[115,131],"WebGL":[117],"technology":[118],"augment":[120],"training":[122],"database":[123],"for":[124],"ill-conditioned":[126,145],"outdoor":[127],"environments.":[128],"Second,":[129],"YOLOv2":[133],"DNN":[134],"architecture":[135],"environments":[146],"98%.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}