{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2884671339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2018.8527001","title":"Suspended Accounts: A Source of Tweets with Disgust and Anger Emotions for Augmenting Hate Speech Data Sample","display_name":"Suspended Accounts: A Source of Tweets with Disgust and Anger Emotions for Augmenting Hate Speech Data Sample","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2884671339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2018.8527001","mag":"2884671339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmlc.2018.8527001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2018.8527001","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026944698","display_name":"Wafa Alorainy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1342-0317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wafa Alorainy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science And Informatics, Cardiff University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science And Informatics, Cardiff University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090436792","display_name":"Pete Burnap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0396-633X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pete Burnap","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science And Informatics, Cardiff University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science And Informatics, Cardiff University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349055","display_name":"Han Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7731-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science And Informatics, Cardiff University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science And Informatics, Cardiff University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065308354","display_name":"Amir Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9761-0945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science And Informatics, Cardiff University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science And Informatics, Cardiff University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032832551","display_name":"Matthew Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-6063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew L. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Social Science, Cardiff University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social Science, Cardiff University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3582,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86226794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"581","last_page":"586"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9631999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sadness","display_name":"Sadness","score":0.8482075929641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disgust","display_name":"Disgust","score":0.804501473903656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anger","display_name":"Anger","score":0.6202171444892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5896298289299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5513671040534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.5380607843399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4863432049751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4396611452102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32417672872543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.24578669667243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.15084603428840637}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779812673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169251","display_name":"Sadness","level":3,"score":0.8482075929641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777375102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208351","display_name":"Disgust","level":3,"score":0.804501473903656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.6202171444892883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5896298289299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5513671040534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.5380607843399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4863432049751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4396611452102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32417672872543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24578669667243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.15084603428840637}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmlc.2018.8527001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2018.8527001","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:112920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1071251684","https://openalex.org/W1513521279","https://openalex.org/W1753891864","https://openalex.org/W1871142974","https://openalex.org/W2040467972","https://openalex.org/W2044173330","https://openalex.org/W2047449974","https://openalex.org/W2069084625","https://openalex.org/W2311430799","https://openalex.org/W2340954483","https://openalex.org/W2404480901","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2509222396","https://openalex.org/W2512157846","https://openalex.org/W2585712495","https://openalex.org/W2592393350","https://openalex.org/W2594902547","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2621008736","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W4300849630","https://openalex.org/W4302299869","https://openalex.org/W6630590103","https://openalex.org/W6662487238","https://openalex.org/W6713894373","https://openalex.org/W6735121960","https://openalex.org/W6764533344","https://openalex.org/W6785036610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365519294","https://openalex.org/W4238520549","https://openalex.org/W3031187173","https://openalex.org/W3216173459","https://openalex.org/W2794357331","https://openalex.org/W4242611441","https://openalex.org/W3135436127","https://openalex.org/W2805647211","https://openalex.org/W2100930849","https://openalex.org/W4242034606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,30],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3,32],"present":[4],"a":[5,49],"proposal":[6,62],"to":[7,34],"address":[8],"the":[9,12,27,36,42,46,81,99,114,128,157,170,174,184,188,194,198],"problem":[10],"of":[11,23,48,72,85,102,138,160,173,205],"pricey":[13],"and":[14,54,77,94,124,165,168],"unreliable":[15],"human":[16,147],"annotation,":[17],"which":[18],"is":[19],"important":[20],"for":[21,57],"detection":[22],"hate":[24,58],"speech":[25,59],"from":[26,41,91,116,130,135,163,190,200],"web":[28],"contents.":[29],"particular,":[31],"propose":[33],"use":[35],"text":[37],"that":[38,113,183],"are":[39],"produced":[40],"suspended":[43,92,117,164,191],"accounts":[44,93,118,139,192,202],"in":[45],"aftermath":[47],"hateful":[50,89,144],"event":[51],"as":[52,143],"subtle":[53],"reliable":[55],"source":[56,101],"prediction.":[60],"The":[61,109,180],"was":[63],"motivated":[64],"after":[65],"implementing":[66],"emotion":[67,110],"analysis":[68,111],"on":[69,156,177,187,197],"three":[70],"sources":[71,84],"data":[73,86,103],"sets:":[74],"suspended,":[75],"active":[76,95,131,166,201],"neutral":[78,106],"ones,":[79],"i.e.":[80],"first":[82],"two":[83,151,175],"sets":[87,104],"contain":[88,105],"tweets":[90,107,115,134,161,189,199],"accounts,":[96,132,167],"respectively,":[97],"whereas":[98],"third":[100],"only.":[108],"indicated":[112],"show":[119,182],"more":[120],"disgust,":[121],"negative,":[122],"fear":[123],"sadness":[125],"emotions":[126],"than":[127],"ones":[129,145],"although":[133],"both":[136],"types":[137],"might":[140],"be":[141],"annotated":[142],"by":[146,203],"annotators.":[148],"We":[149],"train":[150],"Random":[152],"Forest":[153],"classifiers":[154,176],"based":[155],"semantic":[158],"meaning":[159],"respectively":[162],"evaluate":[169],"prediction":[171],"accuracy":[172],"unseen":[178],"data.":[179],"results":[181],"classifier":[185],"trained":[186,196],"outperformed":[193],"one":[195],"16%":[204],"overall":[206],"F-score.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
