{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136496893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2011.6017003","title":"Face recognition using PCA based immune networks with single training sample per person","display_name":"Face recognition using PCA based immune networks with single training sample per person","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136496893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2011.6017003","mag":"2136496893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmlc.2011.6017003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2011.6017003","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052999225","display_name":"Guan-Chun Luh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65196183","display_name":"Tatung University","ror":"https://ror.org/030m18266","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65196183"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guan-Chun Luh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan","[Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei City, Taiwan ROC]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65196183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei City, Taiwan ROC]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65196183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052999225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65196183"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0492,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77567855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":null,"first_page":"1773","last_page":"1779"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.8290851712226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.776715099811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7347099184989929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.702730119228363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6500258445739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.6150309443473816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5372313261032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.47646641731262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-recognition","display_name":"Immune recognition","score":0.45172470808029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.4246601164340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4236193895339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.407988578081131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4013034999370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-system","display_name":"Immune system","score":0.07923057675361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.04978698492050171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.8290851712226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.776715099811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7347099184989929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.702730119228363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6500258445739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.6150309443473816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5372313261032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.47646641731262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018252375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune recognition","level":3,"score":0.45172470808029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4246601164340973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4236193895339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.407988578081131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4013034999370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.07923057675361633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.04978698492050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmlc.2011.6017003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2011.6017003","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526815690","https://openalex.org/W1764747402","https://openalex.org/W2054842624","https://openalex.org/W2070343473","https://openalex.org/W2070463485","https://openalex.org/W2102544846","https://openalex.org/W2108767394","https://openalex.org/W2125024759","https://openalex.org/W2142230706","https://openalex.org/W2142922704","https://openalex.org/W2155437597","https://openalex.org/W2160939583","https://openalex.org/W2380460307","https://openalex.org/W6631703958","https://openalex.org/W6637701784","https://openalex.org/W6678373960","https://openalex.org/W6681362835","https://openalex.org/W6683755293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W3027745756","https://openalex.org/W3205213561","https://openalex.org/W2531880140","https://openalex.org/W2388958958","https://openalex.org/W1968140075","https://openalex.org/W1552490587","https://openalex.org/W3035701170","https://openalex.org/W2082996472","https://openalex.org/W1587577456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numerous":[0],"methods":[1],"could":[2],"deal":[3],"well":[4,24],"with":[5,85],"frontal":[6],"view":[7],"face":[8,38,71],"recognition":[9,39,81],"if":[10],"there":[11],"were":[12],"sufficient":[13],"number":[14],"of":[15,21,62,87],"representative":[16],"training":[17,28,57],"samples.":[18],"Nevertheless,":[19],"few":[20],"them":[22],"work":[23],"when":[25],"only":[26],"single":[27],"sample":[29,58],"per":[30],"person":[31],"is":[32,51],"available.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35,77],"paper,":[36],"a":[37],"method":[40,65,78],"using":[41],"artificial":[42],"immune":[43],"networks":[44],"based":[45],"on":[46],"Principal":[47],"Component":[48],"Analysis":[49],"(PCA)":[50],"proposed":[52],"to":[53],"solve":[54],"the":[55,63,69,88],"one":[56],"problem.":[59],"The":[60,73],"performance":[61],"present":[64],"was":[66],"evaluated":[67],"employing":[68],"ORL":[70],"database.":[72],"results":[74],"show":[75],"that":[76],"gains":[79],"higher":[80],"rate":[82],"in":[83],"contrast":[84],"most":[86],"developed":[89],"methods.":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
